Introduction and objective:
The human microbiome is a system of microorganisms whose composition is unique to each individual. Numerous factors, including environmental and cultural factors, influence its components and their functioning. It appears that the microbiome can influence skeletal health in both positive and negative ways. The aim of the narrative review is to summarize and organize information regarding the oral and gut microbiome, probiotics, and microbiome transplantation in the context of their impact on bone health, as well as to highlight the importance of the environment in these interactions.

Review methods:
Databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search for literature. 37 articles from 2009–2023 related to the environment, the microbiome and bone health were included in the review.

Brief description of the state of knowledge:
Dysbiosis and all pathologies within the oral and intestinal microbiome can contribute to poor bone health by increasing resorption processes, leading to the development of osteoporosis. Microorganisms can disrupt the proper functioning of bone tissue by impairing nutrient absorption, affecting the immune system, and modulating the gut-brain-bone axis. In turn, repairing a disrupted microbiome can be achieved through probiotic supplements and gut microbiome transplantation. Scientific studies demonstrate that these interventions are highly effective in combating these pathologies.

Summary:
Environmental and cultural factors significantly impact the development and function of microorganisms in the human body. Any dysbiosis within the microbiome can result in excessive bone resorption and the development of osteoporosis, the effects of which can be mitigated by supplementing with appropriate probiotics or by gut microbiome transplantation.