RESEARCH PAPER
Metabolic syndrome in peri - and postmenopausal women performing intellectual work
 
More details
Hide details
1
Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics
 
2
Center for Public Health and Health Promotion, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Poland
 
3
Department for Woman Health, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Poland
 
 
Corresponding author
Dorota Raczkiewicz   

Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Niepodleglosci 162, 02-554 Warsaw, Poland
 
 
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2018;25(4):610-615
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Metabolic Syndrome is a set of interrelated risk factors for the emergence and progression of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, such as central obesity (abdominal), elevated blood pressure and disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Peri- and postmenopausal women are particularly at risk of developing MS, by aging and the loss of protective effect of estrogen on the body, additionally by intellectual work associated with a sedentary lifestyle and job stress. The aim of our study was to analyze the frequency of MS and its criteria in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women doing intellectual work, as well as selected factors on which metabolic syndrome depend.

Material and methods:
The study group consist of 300 women aged 44–66 working intellectually. Research methods used: metabolic syndrome’s criteria, Greene Climacteric Scale, body fat accumulation, medical interview. Statistical methods used: logistic regression analysis, analysis of variance, χ2 test of stochastic independence.

Results:
The MS was diagnosed in about ¼ of the women in perimenopausal and postmenopausal period working intelectually, in most of them abdominal obesity ( ¾ ), in more than a half hypertension, in every sixth hypertriglyceridemia, in every seventh hyperglycemia and in every tenth low HDL-C. Prevalence of MS and its criteria was correlated with BMI, body fat accumulation and parity. Prevalence of arterial hypertension was associated with the severity of menopausal symptoms and lack of physical activity.

Conclusions:
Prevalence of MS and some of its criteria depended on BMI, body fat accumulation, parity, severity of menopausal symptoms and lack of physical activity, whereas did not depend on: age between 44-66, educational level, marital status or HRT taking.

REFERENCES (18)
1.
Mamcarz A, Podolec P, Kopeć G, Czarnecka D, Rynkiewicz A, Stańczyk J, Undas A, Godycki-Ćwirko M, Kozek E, Pająk A, Naruszewicz M, Opala G, Grzeszczak W, Windak A. Wytyczne Grupy Roboczej PFP dotyczące zespołu metabolicznego 2009.
 
2.
Stachowiak G, Zając A, Pertyński T. Zespół metaboliczny u kobiet w okresie menopauzy. Przegląd Menopauzalny 2009; 1: 6–10.
 
3.
Nakagawa T, Hu H, Zharikov S, et al. A causal role for uric acid in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Am J Phys Renal Phys. 2006; 290: F625–31.
 
4.
Scholz GH, Hanefeld M. Metabolic Vascular Syndrome: New Insights into a Multidimensional Network of Risk Factors and Diseases. Visc Med. 2016 Oct; 32(5): 319–326.
 
5.
Kornacewicz-Jach Z, Podolec P, Kopeć G, Pająk A, Zdrojewski T, Naruszewicz M, Stańczyk J, Undas A, Kozek E, Tykarski A, Opala G, Windak A, Torbicki A, Musiał J. Konsensus Rady Redakcyjnej Polskiego Forum Profilaktyki Chorób Układu Krążenia dotyczący profilaktyki chorób układu krążenia u kobiet. 2009.
 
6.
Gholi Z, Heidari-Beni M, Feizi A, Iraj B, Ascari G. The characteristics of pre-diabetic patients associated with body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Iranian population. J Res Med Sci. 2016; 21: 20.
 
7.
Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Med Sci Sports Exer. 1980; 12: 175–182.
 
8.
Skałba P. Objawy wypadowe. W: Endokrynologia kliniczna. Milewicz A (red.). Polskie Towarzystwo Endokrynologiczne, Wrocław 2012.
 
9.
Zdrojewski T, Bandosz P, Szpakowski P, Konarski R, Manikowski A, Wołkiewicz E, Jakubowski Z, Łysiak-Szydłowska W, Bautembach S, Wyrzykowski B. Rozpowszechnienie głównych czynników ryzyka chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego w Polsce. Wyniki badania NATPOL PLUS. Kardiol Pol. 2004; 61 (supl. IV): IV1-IV26.
 
10.
Zdrojewski T, Rutkowski M, Bandosz P, Gaciong Z, Jędrzejczyk T, Solnica B, Pencina M, Drygas W, Wojtyniak B, Grodzicki T, Piwoński J, Wyrzykowski B. Prevalence and control of cardiovascular risk factors in Poland. Assumptions and objectives of the NATPOL 2011 Survey. Kardiol Pol. 2013; 71(4): 381–92.
 
11.
Després JP. Intra-abdominal obesity: an untreated risk factor for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006; 29(3 Suppl): 77–82.
 
12.
Ueno K, Anzai T, Jinzaki M, Yamada M, Jo Y, Maekawa Y, Kawamura A, Yoshikawa T, Tanami Y, Sato K, Kuribayashi S, Ogawa S. Increased epicardial fat volume quantified by 64-multidetector computed tomography is associated with coronary atherosclerosis and totally occlusive lesions. Circ J. 2009 Oct; 73(10): 1927–33.
 
13.
Grycewicz J, Cypryk K. Wpływ hormonów płciowych na występowanie zaburzeń metabolicznych u kobiet w okresie menopauzy. Przegląd Menopauzalny 2008; 1: 29–37.
 
14.
Pośnik-Urbańska A, Kawecka-Jaszcz K. Choroby układu krążenia u kobiet-problem wciąż niedoceniany. Choroby Serca i Naczyń 2006; (3); 4: 169–174.
 
15.
Kozakiewicz K, Wycisk A. Hormonalna terapia zastępcza i modulatory receptorów estrogenowych w prewencji chorób układu krążenia. Wiad Lek. 2006; 59(5–6): 377–382.
 
16.
Zafrir B, Shapira C, Lavie G, Halon DA, Flugelman MY. Identification and characterization of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in patients presenting for cardiac catheterization. J Clin Lipidol. 2016 Nov – Dec; 10(6): 1338–1343.
 
17.
Oh JY, Allison MA, Barrett-Connor E. Different impacts of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in community-dwelling older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Hypertens. 2017 Jan; 35(1): 55–62.
 
18.
Cybulska B, Szostak W, Podolec P, Kopeć G, Naruszewicz M, Undas A, Kozek E, Zdrojewski T, Drygas W, Godycki-Ćwirko M, Pająk A, Czarnecka D, Stańczyk J, Opala G, Grodzicki T. Wytyczne Rady Redakcyjnej PFP dotyczący dyslipidemii (Aktualizacja 03.2012).
 
eISSN:1898-2263
ISSN:1232-1966
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top