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RESEARCH PAPER
Management of milking wastewater as a significant control point of microbial pollution in the environment
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
2
Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
3
Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
4
Faculty of Law and Administration, Institute of Law, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Corresponding author
Mateusz Ossowski
Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
Biological agents posing occupational risk in agriculture, forestry, food industry and wood industry and diseases caused by these agents (zoonoses, allergic and immunotoxic diseases)Prevention of occupational diseases in agriculture, forestry, food industry and wood industry
ABSTRACT
Introduction and objective:
Milking wastewater (MW) is an under-recognised reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). The aim of the study is to evaluate MW as a point source pollutant for the presence of ARB and ARGs, to develop a treatment plant, and to address current legislation.
Material and methods:
Milking wastewater was analysed for the total number of bacteria, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacterales, and Clostridium perfringens. Microbial identification by MALDI-TOF MS was followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of ARGs. Wastewater samples were also tested for the antimicrobials presence using immunochromatographic tests. An on-site two-chamber MW treatment plant was designed with consideration of its cost-effectiveness and profitability. The system incorporated filtration through a mixture of fine sand and 10% kaolin, or a fine sand filter bed, yielding hydraulic conductivity coefficients of 5.13 × 10–6 m/s and 5.36 × 10–5 m/s, respectively. The treated effluent was considered suitable for activities not requiring tap water quality.
Results:
Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were identified as ARB. PCR confirmed the presence of ARGs conferring resistance to β-lactams (cphA, blaGES1–9,11, blaTEM1,2) and chloramphenicol (cfr). Milkling wastewater samples also tested positive for chloramphenicol.
Conclusions:
To mitigate environmental contamination, regulations should be established for the release of bioactive substances, with penalties imposed for non-compliance with recommended safety measures.
Milking wastewater (MW) is an under-recognised reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). The aim of the study is to evaluate MW as a point source pollutant for the presence of ARB and ARGs, to develop a treatment plant, and to address current legislation.
Material and methods:
Milking wastewater was analysed for the total number of bacteria, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacterales, and Clostridium perfringens. Microbial identification by MALDI-TOF MS was followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of ARGs. Wastewater samples were also tested for the antimicrobials presence using immunochromatographic tests. An on-site two-chamber MW treatment plant was designed with consideration of its cost-effectiveness and profitability. The system incorporated filtration through a mixture of fine sand and 10% kaolin, or a fine sand filter bed, yielding hydraulic conductivity coefficients of 5.13 × 10–6 m/s and 5.36 × 10–5 m/s, respectively. The treated effluent was considered suitable for activities not requiring tap water quality.
Results:
Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were identified as ARB. PCR confirmed the presence of ARGs conferring resistance to β-lactams (cphA, blaGES1–9,11, blaTEM1,2) and chloramphenicol (cfr). Milkling wastewater samples also tested positive for chloramphenicol.
Conclusions:
To mitigate environmental contamination, regulations should be established for the release of bioactive substances, with penalties imposed for non-compliance with recommended safety measures.
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