RESEARCH PAPER
Atherogenic lipid profile and health behaviours in women post-menopause working in agriculture
 
More details
Hide details
1
Department of Social Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
 
2
Institute of Statistics and Demography, Collegium of Economic Analysis, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
 
3
Diagnostic Techniques Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
 
4
Department of Health Care Management, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
 
5
Department of Women’s Health, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Poland
 
 
Corresponding author
Iwona Bojar   

Department of Women’s Health, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
 
 
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2019;26(4):585-591
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction and objective:
There is a significantly higher risk of lipid disorders occurrence, including atherogenic dyslipidemia in women after menopause than it is in general population. The aim of the work was to investigate the correlation between health behaviours and the occurrence of lipid disorders in women after menopause working in agriculture.

Material and methods:
The study was conducted in years 2015–2016 and included 843 post-menopausal women working in agriculture. The following were used: a questionnaire including socio-demographic data, laboratory lipid tests, inventory of health behaviours. The following were estimated: logistic regression models for serum lipids concentration versus frequency of health behaviours in the examined women.

Results:
Adverse lipid profile was found in over a half of post-menopausal women working in agriculture, whereas the frequency of health behaviours were estimated at the average level, although the frequency of correct eating habits and health practices was significantly lower than preventive behaviours and positive psychological attitudes. A correlation was found between the frequency of health behaviours and the occurrence of lipid disorders in women after menopause working in agriculture: more frequent health practices co-existed with the lower concentration of total cholesterol and a higher concentration of HDL-cholesterol, more frequent preventive behaviours co-existed with lower concentration of LDL-cholesterol. Women with higher concentration of triglycerides undertook pro-health practices relatively more often.

Conclusions:
The study revealed a high prevalence of lipid disorders in postmenopausal women working in agriculture. More effective health education programmes are necessary in the area of reduction the risk factors of CVD in the population of women working in agriculture.

REFERENCES (55)
1.
Łuszczyńska A. Zmiany zachowań zdrowotnych: dlaczego dobre chęci nie wystarczają? [Changes in health behaviours: why are good intentions not enough?]. Gdańsk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne; 2004 (in Polish).
 
2.
Gniazdowski A. Zachowania zdrowotne: zagadnienia teoretyczne, próba charakterystyki zachowań zdrowotnych społeczeństwa polskiego [Health behaviours: theoretical issues, an attempt to characterize the health behaviours of Polish socjety]. Łódź: Instytut Medycyny Pracy; 1990 (in Polish).
 
3.
Woynarowska B. Edukacja zdrowotna [Health education]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN; 2007 (in Polish).
 
4.
Lalonde M. A new perspective on the health of Canadians. Department of National Health and Welfare. Ottawa; 1974.
 
5.
Śmigielski J, Bielecki W, Drygas W. Health and life style-related determinants of survival rate in the male residents of the city of Łódź. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2013; 26(3): 337–348.
 
6.
World Health Organization. A comprehensive global monitoring framework forNCDs and voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of NCDs. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
 
7.
van Strien T, Koenders PG. How do life style factors relate to general health and overweight? Appetite. 2012; 58(1): 265–270. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.10.001.
 
8.
Rzeźnicki A, Stelmach I, Kowalska A, Krakowiak J, Żebrowski M, Stelmach W. Complying with the smoking ban by students before and after introducing legislative intervention. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015; 28(2): 369–378. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00273.
 
9.
Kaleta D, Polańska K, Rzeźnicki A, Stelmach W, Wojtysiak P. Tobacco use patterns, knowledge, attitudes towards tobacco and availability of tobacco control training among school personnel from a rural area in Poland. Tob Induc Dis. 2017 Jan 11; 15: 3.
 
10.
Han TS, Correa E, Lean ME, Lee DM, O’Neill TW, Bartfai G, et al. Changes in prevalence of obesity and high waist circumference over four years across European regions: the European male ageing study (EMAS). Endocrine 2017; 55: 456.
 
11.
Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 2074–2079.
 
12.
Min D, Cho E. Associations among health behaviors, body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus: A path analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97(22): e10981. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010981.
 
13.
Catalano RF, Fagan AA, Gavin LE, Greenberg MT, Irwin CE, Jr, Ross DA, et al. Worldwide application of prevention science in adolescent health. Lancet. 2012; 379: 1653–1664.
 
14.
Leitzmann MF, Park Y, Blair A, Ballard-Barbash R, Mouw T, Hollenbeck AR, et al. Physical Activity Recommendations and Decreased Risk of Mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(22): 2453–2460.
 
15.
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364: 937–952.
 
16.
Arsenault BJ, Rana JS, Stroes ES, Després JP, Shah PK, Kastelein JJ, et al. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Retrospective contributions of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high–density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to coronary heart disease risk in apparently healthy men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 55: 35–41.
 
17.
Cybulska B, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L. Aterogenna dyslipidemia jako czynnik rezydualnego ryzyka po optymalnym leczeniu hipercholesterolemii [Aterogenic dyslipidemia as a residual risk factor after optimal treatment of hypercholesterolemia]. In: Mamcarz A, ed. Terapia skojarzona [Combination therapy]. Medical Education, Warszawa; 2009: 107–124 (in Polish).
 
18.
Krauss RM. Lipids and lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1496–1504.
 
19.
Dunn FL. Management of dyslipidemia in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2010; 11: 41–51.
 
20.
Di Donato P, Giulini NA, Bacchi Modena A, Cicchetti G, Comitini G. Factors associated with total cholesterol levels in women around menopause attending menopause clinics in Italy. Climacteric. 2004; 7(1): 86–91.
 
21.
Hak AE, Witteman JC, Hugens W, Keyzer JJ, Pop VJ, Uitterlinden AG, et al. The increase in cholesterol with menopause is associated with the apolipoprotein E genotype. A population-based longitudinal study. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 175(1): 169–176.
 
22.
Sultan N, Nawaz M, Sultan A, Fayaz M, Baseer A. Effect of menopause on serum HDL-cholesterol level. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2003; 15(3): 24–26.
 
23.
Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, Everson-Rose SA, Sowers MF, Sternfeld B, et al. Are changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronological aging or to the menopausal transition? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 54(25): 2366–2373.
 
24.
Sacks FM, Walsh BW. Sex hormones and lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994 Jun; 5(3): 236–40.
 
25.
Gorodeski GI. Impact of the menopause on the epidemiology and risk factors of coronary artery heart disease in women. Exp Gerontol. 1994 May-Aug; 29(3–4): 357–75.
 
26.
Sai AJ, Gallagher JC, Fang X. Effect of hormone therapy and calcitriol on serum lipid profile in postmenopausal older women: association with estrogen receptor-α genotypes. Menopause. 2011 Oct; 18(10): 1101–12.
 
27.
Juczyński Z. Narzędzia pomiaru w psychologii zdrowia [Measurement tools in health psychology]. Prz Psychol. 1999; 42(4): 43–56 (in Polish).
 
28.
Wojtyniak B, Goryński P. Sytuacja zdrowotna ludności polski i jej uwarunkowania [The health situation of the Polish population and its determinants]. Warszawa: Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład Higieny; 2016 (in Polish).
 
29.
Anderson TJ, Grégoire J, Pearson GJ, Barry AR, Couture P, Dawes M, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Adult. Can J Cardiol. 2016; 32(11): 1263–1282. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.07.510.
 
30.
D’Agostino RB, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008; 117: 743–753.
 
31.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam BH, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Murabito JM, Wang TJ, et al. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 2004; 291: 2204–2211.
 
32.
Collins R, Reith C, Emberson J, Armitage J, Baigent C, Blackwell L, et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet. 2016; 388: 2532–2561.
 
33.
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 highrisk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 7–22.
 
34.
Castleman B, Kibbee BU. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: weekly clinicopathological exercises: normal laboratory values. N Engl J Med. 1963; 268: 1462–1469.
 
35.
Waters DD. Cholesterol Lowering Guidelines: From Whence We Came and Where We Are Now. Can J Cardiol. 2018; 2: S0828–282X(18)30995–4.
 
36.
Laatikainen T, Critchley J, Vartiainen E, Salomaa V, Ketonen M, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Finland between 1982 and 1997. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 162(8): 764–773.
 
37.
Aspelund T, Gudnason V, Magnusdottir BT, Andersen K, Sigurdsson G, Thorsson B, et al. Analysing the large decline in coronary heart disease mortality in the Icelandic population aged 25–74 between the years 1981 and 2006. PLoS One. 2010; 5(11): e13957.
 
38.
Bruthans J, Cífková R, Lánská V, O’Flaherty M, Critchley JA, Holub J, et al. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in the Czech Republic between 1985 and 2007. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014; 21(7): 829–839.
 
39.
Bandosz P, O’Flaherty M, Drygas W, Rutkowski M, Koziarek J, Wyrzykowski B, et al. Decline inmortality fromcoronary heart disease in Poland after socioeconomic transformation: modelling study. BMJ. 2012; 344: d8136.
 
40.
Björck L, Rosengren A, Bennett K, Lappas G, Capewell S. Modelling the decreasing coronary heart disease mortality in Sweden between 1986 and 2002. Eur Heart J. 2009; 30(9): 1046–1056.
 
41.
Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Pascal G, Tortelli O, Morselli Labate A, Bertazzo D, et al. Influence of menopause on blood cholesterol levels in women: the role of body composition, fat distribution and hormonal milieu. Virgilio Menopause Health Group. J Intern Med. 1997; 241(3): 195–203.
 
42.
Agrinier N, Cournot M, Dallongeville J, Arveiler D, Ducimetière P, Ruidavets JB, et al. Menopause and modifiable coronary heart disease risk factors: a population based study. Maturitas. 2010; 65(3): 237–243.
 
43.
Randall OS, Feseha HB, Illoh K, Xu S, Ketete M, Kwagyan J, et al. Response of lipoprotein(a) levels to therapeutic life-style change in obese African-Americans. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 172(1): 155–160.
 
44.
Lyu S, Su J, Xiang Q, Wu M. Association of dietary pattern and physical activity level with triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio among adults in Jiangsu, China: a cross-sectional study with sex-specific differences. Nutr Res. 2014; 34(8): 674–681.
 
45.
Retterstøl K, Svendsen M, Narverud I, Holven KB. Effect of low carbohydrate high fat diet on LDL cholesterol and gene expression in normal-weight, young adults: A randomized controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2018; 279: 52–61.
 
46.
Netjasov AS, Vujović S, Ivović M, Tancić-Gajić M, Marina L, Barać M. Relationships between obesity, lipids and fasting glucose in the menopause. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2013; 141(1–2): 41–47.
 
47.
Akahoshi M, Soda M, Nakashima E, Tsuruta M, Ichimaru S, Seto S, et al. Effects of age at menopause on serum cholesterol, body mass index, and blood pressure. Atherosclerosis. 200; 156(1): 157–163.
 
48.
Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005; 366(9493): 1267–1278.
 
49.
Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Fayyad R, Boekholdt SM, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJ, Melamed S, et al. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Cardiovascular Events Among Patients Receiving Statin Therapy in the TNT Trial. Circulation. 2018; 138(8): 770–781.
 
50.
Maron DJ. The epidemiology of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 86(12A): 11L- 14L.
 
51.
Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K, Shu M, Sone Y, Onitake F, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 999–1008.
 
52.
Gouveia ÉR, Ihle A, Kliegel M, Freitas DL, Jurema J, Tinôco MA, et al. The relationship of physical activity to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in a sample of community-dwelling older adults from Amazonas, Brazil. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017; 73: 195–198.
 
53.
O’Donovan G, Stensel D, Hamer M, Stamatakis E. The association between leisure-time physical activity, low HDL-cholesterol and mortality in a pooled analysis of nine population-based cohorts. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017: 32(7): 559–566.
 
54.
Zwald ML, Akinbami LJ, Fakhouri TH, Fryar CD. Prevalence of Low High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Among Adults, by Physical Activity: United States, 2011–2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2017; 276: 1–8.
 
55.
Woodard GA, Brooks MM, Barinas-Mitchell E, Mackey RH, Matthews KA, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Lipids, menopause, and early atherosclerosis in Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Heart women. Menopause. 2011; 18(4): 376–384.
 
eISSN:1898-2263
ISSN:1232-1966
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top