RESEARCH PAPER
Across-shift changes in upper airways after exposure to bacterial cell wall components
 
More details
Hide details
1
Depertment of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
 
2
Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
 
 
Corresponding author
Marcin Cyprowski   

Depertment of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, ul. Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
 
 
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2019;26(2):236-241
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
To assess the across-shift changes of cytokine concentrations in nasal lavage (NAL) samples were collected from workers exposed to bacterial cell wall components present in organic dust in three different occupational environments.

Material and methods:
The study was conducted in 38 employees including 10 workers from a municipal waste sorting plant (WSP), 20 from a sewage treatment plant (STP) and 8 from an office building (OB), who were established as a reference group, not exposed to organic dust. Interleukins 1β (IL-1β), 6 (IL-6), 8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were examined in NAL before and after work shift on Wednesdays. Bioaerosol exposure was determined by personal measurements and analysed for organic dust, endotoxins (END) and peptidoglycans (PGN).

Results:
The analysis included the results for IL-8 only, because for the other cytokines their concentrations in 80% of cases were below the detection level. The most polluted were the workplaces in WSP with average concentrations of organic dust – 3.47 mg/m3, END – 96.31 ng/m3 and PGN – 571.88 ng/m3. The results of IL-8 showed a significant difference between the studied groups after the work shift (p=0.007). Among WSP workers concentrations of IL-8 increased also significantly (p=0.015) during the work shift. Multivariate analysis showed that organic dust and END were the factors that in the most distinct way (p<0.001) influenced changes of IL-8 levels in NAL.

Conclusions:
Each alteration in the composition of bioaerosols will probably determine the changes in the mechanisms responsible for both formation and modulation of inflammatory reactions in exposed workers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is based on the results of Research Task No. II.P.17 carried out within the scope of the third stage of the National Programme “Improvement of safety and working conditions”, partly supported in 2014–2016 — within the scope of research and development — by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education/National Centre for Research and Development in Warsaw, Poland. The Central Institute for Labour Protection/National Research Institute is the main co-ordinator of the programme.
FUNDING
This study is based on the results of Research Task No. II.P.17 carried out within the scope of the third stage of the National Programme “Improvement of safety and working conditions”, partly supported in 2014–2016 — within the scope of research and development — by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education/National Centre for Research and Development in Warsaw, Poland. The Central Institute for Labour Protection/National Research Institute is the main co-ordinator of the programme.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare they have no competing/con flicting interests in relation to the issues raised in this study.
 
REFERENCES (30)
1.
Gilbert Y, Duchaine C. Bioaerosols in industrial environments: a review. Can J Civ Eng. 2009; 36: 1873–1886.
 
2.
Searl A, Crawford J. Review of health risks for workers in the waste and recycling industry. 2012, Institute of Occupational Medicine, London.
 
3.
Poole CJM, Basu S. Systematic Review: Occupational illness in the waste and recycling sector. Occup Med (Lond). 2017; 67: 626–636.
 
4.
Thorn J, Kerekes E. Health effects among employees in sewage treatment plants: A literature survey. Am J Ind Med. 2001; 40: 170–179.
 
5.
Sigsgaard T, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Hoffmann H.J., et al. Microbial cell wall agents as an occupational hazard. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005; 207: S310–319.
 
6.
Akramiene D, Kondrotas A, Didziapetriene J, et al. Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system. Medicina (Kaunas). 2007; 43: 597–606.
 
7.
Liebers V, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Brüning T. Health effects due to endotoxin inhalation (review). Arch Toxicol. 2008; 82: 203–210.
 
8.
Myhre AE, Aasen AO, Thiemermann C, et al. Peptidoglycan – an endotoxin in its own right? Shock. 2006; 25: 227–235.
 
9.
Douwes J, Wouters I, Dubbeld H, et al. Upper airway inflammation assessed by nasal lavage in compost workers: a relation with bio-aerosol exposure. Am J Ind Med. 2000; 37: 459–468.
 
10.
Heldal KK, Halstensen AS, Thorn J, et al. Upper airway inflammation in waste handlers exposed to bioaerosols. Occup Environ Med. 2003; 60: 444–450.
 
11.
Thorn J, Beijer L. Work-related symptoms and inflammation among sewage plant operatives. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2004; 10: 84–89.
 
12.
Wouters IM, Hilhorst SKM, Kleppe P, et al. Upper airway inflammation and respiratory symptoms in domestic waste collectors. Occup Environ Med. 2002; 59: 106–112.
 
13.
Henne E, Campbell WH, Carlson E. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 enhances synthesis of endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor in mice. Infect Immun. 1991; 59: 2929–2933.
 
14.
Zhiping W, Malmberg P, Larsson BM, et al. Exposure to bacteria in swine-house dust and acute inflammatory reactions in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996; 154: 1261–1266.
 
15.
Greiff L, Meyer P, Svensson C, et al. The “nasal pool”- device for challenge and lavage of the nasal mucosa in children: histamine-induced plasma exudation responses Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1997; 8: 137–142.
 
16.
Krajewski JA, Cyprowski M, Szymczak W, et al. Health complaints from workplace exposure to bioaerosols: a questionnaire study in sewage workers. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2004; 11: 199–204.
 
17.
Rylander R, Peterson Y, Donham KJ. Questionnaire evaluating organic dust exposure. Am J Ind Med. 1990; 17: 121–126.
 
18.
Larsson BM, Palmberg L, Malmberg PO, et al. Effect of exposure to swine dust on levels of IL-8 in airway lavage fluid. Thorax. 1997; 52: 638–342.
 
19.
Wang Z, Larsson K, Palmberg L, et al. Inhalation of swine dust induces cytokine release in the upper and lower airways. Eur Resp J. 1997; 10: 381–387.
 
20.
Larsson BM, Larsson K, Malmberg P, et al. Airway responses in naive subjects to exposure in poultry houses: comparison between cage rearing system and alternative rearing system for laying hens. Am J Ind Med. 1999; 35: 142–149.
 
21.
Houser R, Kelsey KT, Christiani DC. Variability of nasal lavage polymorphonuclear leucocyte counts in unexposed subjects: its potential utility for epidemiology. Arch Environ Health. 1994; 49: 267–272.
 
22.
Hellgren J, Eriksson C, Karlson G, et al. Nasal symptoms among workers exposed to soft paper dust. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2001; 74: 129–132.
 
23.
Rylander R, Jacobs RR. Organic dusts exposure, effects, and prevention. 1994, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
 
24.
Hansen LA, Poulsen OM, Nexø BA. Inflammatory potential of organic dust components and chemicals measured by IL-8 secretion from human epithelial cell line A549 in vitro. Ann Agric Environ Med. 1997; 4: 27–33.
 
25.
Cyprowski M, Sowiak M, Szadkowska-Stańczyk I. β(1→3)-glucan aerosols in different occupational environments. Aerobiologia. 2011; 27: 345–351.
 
26.
Allermann L, Poulsen OM. Inflammatory potential of dust from waste handling facilities measured as IL-8 secretion from lung epithelial cells In Vitro. Ann Occup Hyg. 2000; 44: 259–269.
 
27.
Poole JA, Wyatt TA, Von Essen SG, et al. Repeat organic dust exposure-induced monocyte inflammation is associated with protein kinase C activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120: 366–373.
 
28.
Laitinen S, Kangas J, Husman K, et al. Evaluation of exposure to airborne bacterial endotoxins and peptidoglycans in selected work environments. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2001; 8: 213–219.
 
29.
Cyprowski M, Ławniczek-Wałczyk A, Górny RL. Airborne peptidoglycans as a supporting indicator of bacterial contamination in a metal processing plant. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2016; 29: 427–437.
 
30.
Ma M, Rice TA, Percopo CM, et al. Silkworm larvae plasma (SLP) assay for detection of bacteria: False positives secondary to inflammation in vitro. J Microbiol Methods. 2017; 132: 9–13.
 
eISSN:1898-2263
ISSN:1232-1966
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top