Introduction and objective:
Homelessness constitutes a challenge for public health (PH) as people experiencing homelessness (PEH) face marginalization, barriers to healthcare and social support, as well as diverse health needs that remain insufficiently addressed. Since immediate survival needs among PEH often supersede health concerns, community-based health promotion (HP) interventions are crucial for reducing health inequities within this disadvantaged population. The aim of the study is to determine the scale and scope of HP interventions targeting PEH implemented in Poland.

Material and methods:
The analysis covers 2021–2024 data on PH interventions delivered in community settings in Poland by local government units and health system institutions, obtained from ProfiBaza – a national registry of health promotion and disease prevention (HPDP) programmes managed by the National Institute of Public Health NIH-NRI.

Results:
Between 2021–2024, among 21,944 HPDP interventions aimed at people at risk of social exclusion, only 163 specifically targeted PEH, which included: mental health support (38.0%), shelter provision (31.9%), reintegration programmes (26.4%), street outreach (17.8%), health education (14.7%), harm reduction (12.9%), meal provision (12.9%), healthcare services (11.0%), vaccination and screening (11.0%), distribution of essential clothing/hygiene products (11.0%), medical equipment (5.5%), Housing First interventions (1.8%), staff training (1.8%), and crisis interventions (1.2%), with only 1.2% of interventions targeting PEH solely in rural vs. 59.5% in urban settings.

Conclusions:
PEH are at a high risk of being left behind; therefore, multisectoral approaches to address their health challenges, along with HP initiatives that provide practical support and are underpinned by appropriate regulation and sustainable funding, are essential.