RESEARCH PAPER
Environmental soil contamination by Toxocara species eggs in public places of Ilam, Iran
 
More details
Hide details
1
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
 
2
Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
 
3
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
 
4
Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
 
5
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
 
6
Evidence- Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
 
 
Corresponding author
Mohammad Zibaei   

Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Square Talaghani, North Talaghani Blvd, 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
 
 
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2020;27(1):15-18
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
The purpose of the study is to assess environmental contamination by Toxocara species eggs in public places in the city of Ilam, Ilam Province, southwest Iran

Material and Methods:
Between September 2018 and March 2019, 130 soil samples were collected from public places of 5 district municipalities of Ilam, southwest Iran. Soil samples were examined by microscopy following flotation method by sodium nitrate.

Results:
Soil analysis showed that 5.88% of the soils stored, 52.54% from gardens, 29.42% from rubbish, and 11.72% from green spaces were contaminated with Toxocara spp. eggs. In total, 13.08 % of soil samples (17/130) were positive for Toxocara eggs (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:
The findings revealed that care should be taken when using soil from gardens, green spaces and rubbish, and also should be seriously considered because of the potential issues of toxocariasis and also the risk to the public.

 
REFERENCES (38)
1.
Baneth G, Thamsborg SM, Otranto D, Guillot J, Blaga R, Deplazes P, et al. Major parasitic zoonoses associated with dogs and cats in Europe. J ComP Pathol. 2016; 155: S54-S74.
 
2.
Zibaei M, Bahadory S, Cardillo N, Khatami AR. Soil contamination with eggs of Toxocara species in public parks of Karaj, Iran. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2017; 5(2): 45–48.
 
3.
Zibaei M, Sadjjadi SM, Jahadi-Hosseini SH. Toxocara cati larvae in the eye of a child: a case report. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014; 4(suppl): S53-S55.
 
4.
Zibaei M, SM Sadjjadi. Trend of toxocariasis in Iran: a review on human and animal dimensions. Iran J Vet Res. 2017; 18(4): 233–242.
 
5.
Zibaei M, Alemi M, Cardillo NM, Derafshi H, Miahipour A, Bahadory S, et al. Human toxocariasis seroprevalence among patients with uveitis in Alborz Province, Iran. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2019; 26(1): 154–158.
 
6.
Sadjjadi SM, Khosravi M, Mehrabani D, Oryan A. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in school children in Shiraz, southern Iran. J Trop Pediatr. 2000; 46: 327–330.
 
7.
Choi D, Lim JH, Choi DC, Paik SW, Kim SH, Huh S. Toxocariasis and ingestion of raw cow liver in patients with eosinophilia. Korean J Parasitol. 2008; 46: 139–143.
 
8.
Mendonça LR, Figueiredo CA, Esquivel R, Fiaccone RL, Pontes-de-Carvalho L, Cooper P, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection in children from an urban large setting in Northeast Brazil. Acta Trop. 2013; 128: 90–95.
 
9.
Zibaei M, Sadjjadi SM, Karamian M, Uga S, Oryan A, Jahadi-Hosseini SH. A comparative histopathology, serology and molecular study, on experimental ocular toxocariasis by Toxocara cati in Mongolian gerbils and Wistar rats. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013:109580.
 
10.
Wolfe A, Wright I.Human toxocariasis and direct contact with dogs. Vet Rec. 2003; 152: 419–421.
 
11.
Baldwin RA. Use of maximum entropy modeling in wildlife research. Entropy. 2009; 11: 854–866.
 
12.
Hadi, MA. Isolation and identification of intestinal parasites from vegetables from different markets of Iraq. Bull Iraq Nat Hist Mus. 2011; 11(4): 17–25.
 
13.
Hadi, M. Afkar. Isolation and identification of parasites from Lactuca sativa. J Al-Nahrain Univ Sci. 2011; 14(1): 134–141.
 
14.
Robertson ID, Thompson R. Enteric parasitic zoonoses of domesticated dogs and cats. Microbes Infect. 2002; 4: 867–873.
 
15.
King PML, Carlin EP. Zoonoses of people and their pets: a US perspective on significant pet-associated parasitic diseases. Trends Parasitol. 2010; 26: 153–154.
 
16.
Keegan JD, Holland CV. A comparison of Toxocara canis embryonation under controlled conditions in soil and hair. J Helminthol. 2013; 87: 78–84.
 
17.
Hadi MA, Al-Amery AMA. Isolation and identification of some parasites that transmitted by Earthworms. Al-Anbar J Vet Sci. 2010; 3(2): 68–72.
 
18.
Hadi MA. Isolation and identification of intestinal parasites and protozoa from flesh flies Sarcophaga africa in Baghdad. J Al-Nahrain Univ Sci. 2013; 16(3): 214–223.
 
19.
Hadi MA. Isolation and identification of some intestinal parasites eggs, cysts and oocysts from two species of diptera: calliphoridae in Baghdad. Ibn Al-Haitham J Pure Appl Sci. 2013; 26(1): 64–74.
 
20.
Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Fortuna M, Osimani P, Antonicelli L, Del Prete MS, et al. Environmental and serological evidence for the presence of toxocariasis in the urban area of Ancona, Italy. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000; 16: 1023–1026.
 
21.
Ruiz de Ybáñez MR, Garijo MM, Alonso FD. Prevalence and viability of eggs of Toxocara spp. and Toxascaris leonina in public parks in eastern Spain. J Helminthol. 2001; 75(2): 169–173.
 
22.
Gallina T, Silva MA, Castro LL, Wendt EW, Villela MM, Berne ME. Presence of eggs of Toxocara spp. and hookworms in a student environment in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2011; 20(2): 176–177.
 
23.
Gao X, Wang H, Li J, Qin H, Xiao J. Influence of land use and meteorological factors on the spatial distribution of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati eggs in soil in urban areas. Vet Parasitol. 2017; 233: 80–85.
 
24.
Nooraldeen K. Contamination of public squares and parks with parasites in Erbil city, Iraq. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015; 22(3): 418–420.
 
25.
Borecka A, Kłapeć T. Epidemiology of human toxocariasis in Poland – A review of cases 1978–2009. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015; 22(1): 28–31.
 
26.
Bojar H, Kłapeć T. Contamination of selected recreational areas in Lublin Province, Eastern Poland, by eggs of Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp. and Trichuris spp. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2018; 25(3): 460–463.
 
27.
Raissi V, Sohrabi Z, Getso M, Raiesi O, Hafshejani SH, Shabandoust H, et al. Risk factors and prevalence of toxocariasis in pregnant women and diabetic patients compared to healthy adults in Ilam province, western Iran. EXCLI J. 2018; 17: 983–988.
 
28.
Khoshnood S, Pestehchian N, Hejazi SH, Rafiei A, Soleimani A, Ahmadi M, et al. Toxocara seroprevalence and associated risk factors among Ilam children, west of Iran. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis. 2019; 7(1): e81349.
 
29.
Choobineh M, Mikaeili F, Sadjjadi SM, Ebrahimi S, Iranmanesh S. Molecular characterization of Toxocara spp. eggs isolated from public parks and playgrounds in Shiraz, Iran. J Helminthol. 2019; 93(3): 306–312.
 
30.
Ghashghaei O, Khedri J, Jahangiri-Nasr F, Hashemi SH, Nourollahi-Fard SR. Contamination of soil samples of public parks with Toxocara spp. eggs in Kermanshah, Iran. J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ. 2016; 42 (1): 47–50.
 
31.
Ghomashlooyan M, Falahati M, Mohaghegh MA, Jafari R, Mirzaei F, Kalani H, et al. Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public parks of Isfahan City, Central Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2015; 5 (Suppl 1): S93-S95.
 
32.
Maraghi S, Mazhab Jafari K, Sadjjadi SM, Latifi SM, Zibaei M. Study on the contamination of Abadan public parks soil with Toxocara spp. eggs. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014; 12: 86.
 
33.
Tavalla M, Oormazdi H, Akhlaghi L, Razmjou E, Lakeh MM, Shojaee S, et al. Prevalence of parasites in soil samples in Tehran public places. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012; 11(20): 4575–4578.
 
34.
Khademvatan S, Abdizadeh R, Tavalla M. Molecular characterization of Toxocara spp. from soil of public areas in Ahvaz southwestern Iran. Acta Trop. 2014; 135: 50–54.
 
35.
Zibaei M, Abdollahpour F, Birjandi M, Firoozeh F. Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public parks from three areas of Khorram Abad, Iran. Nepal Med Coll J. 2010; 12(2): 63–65.
 
36.
Pezeshki A, Haniloo A, Alejafar A, Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B. Detection of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public places in and around of Ardabil City, northwestern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2017; 12(1): 136–142.
 
37.
Maleki B, Khorshidi A, Gorgipour M, Mirzapour A, Majidiani H, Foroutan M. Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil of public areas in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alexandria J Med. 2018; 54(2): 97–101.
 
38.
Vásquez Tsuji O, Ruiz Hernández A, Martínez Barbabosa I, Merlín Marín PN, Tay Zavala J, Pérez Torres A. Soil contamination with Toxocara sp. eggs in public parks and home gardens from Mexico City. Bol Chil Parasitol. 1996; 51(3–4): 54–58.
 
eISSN:1898-2263
ISSN:1232-1966
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top