REVIEW PAPER
Environmental exposure of pregnant women to infection with Toxoplasma gondii-state of the art.
| 1 | The National Observatory for Health and Work Safety of Agricultural Workers, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland. |
| 2 | Chair and Department of Paedodontics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland |
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2010;17(2):209–214
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Infection with T. gondii is particularly dangerous for pregnant women as it may lead to the transplacental passage of the parasite. Currently, congenital toxoplasmosis is the second most frequent intrauterine infection. The risk of transmission of T. gondii to the foetus varies throughout the world and ranges from 0.6-1.7/1,000 of pregnant women. The consequences of congenital toxoplasmosis are multifarious. On the basis of current literature review, the authors discuss the epidemiological and clinical aspects of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, the influence of climatic and environmental factors that may lead to an increase in T. gondii infections in humans, particularly in pregnant women, and the principles of prophylactics against T. gondii infections in those women.
REFERENCES (55)
1.
Alfonso E, Thulliez P, Gilot-Fromont E: Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in an urban population of domestic cats (Felis catus). Int J Parasitol 2006, 36, 1373–1382.
2.
Antolova D, Reiterova K, Dubinsky P: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boars (Sus Scrofa) in the Slovak Republic. Ann Agric Environ Med 2007, 14, 71–73.
3.
Aspock H, Pollak A: Prevention of prenatal toxoplasmosis by serological screening of pregnant women in Austria. Scand J Infect Dis 1992, 84 (suppl.), 32–37.
4.
Avelino MM, Campos D, Parada JB, Castro AM: Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in women of childbearing age. Braz J Infect Dis 2004, 8, 164–174.
5.
Bachmeyer C, Mouchnino G, Thulliez P, Blum L: Congenital toxoplasmosis from an HIV-infected woman as a result of reactivation. J Infect 2007, 52, 55–57.
6.
Baril L, Ancelle T, Thulliez P, Goulet V, Tirard V, Carme B: Fecteurs de risqué d’acquisition de la toxoplasmose chez les femmes enceintes en 1995 (France). Bull Epidemiol Hebdomadaire 1996, 16, 73–75.
7.
Buffolano W, Gilbert RE, Holland FJ, Fratta D, Palumbo F, Ades AE: Risk factors for recent toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Naples. Epidemiol Infect 1996, 116, 347–351.
8.
Conrad PA, Miller MA, Kreuder C, James ER, Mazet J, Dabritz H, Jessup DA, Gulland F, Grigg ME: Transmission of Toxoplasma: clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. Int J Parasitol 2005, 35, 1155–1168.
9.
Cook AJ, Gilbert RE, Buffolano W, Zufferey J, Petersen E, Jenum PA, Foulon W, Semprini AE, Dunn DT: Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicenter case-control study. European Research Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. BMJ 2000, 321, 142–147.
10.
Crouch SPM, Crocker IO, Fletcher J: The effect of pregnancy on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. J Immunol 1995, 155, 5436–5443.
11.
De Paschale M, Agrappi C, Clerici P, Mirri P, Manco MT, Cavallari S, Vigano EF: Seroprevalence and incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Legano area of Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007, 14, 186–189.
12.
Demar M, Ajzenberg D, Maubon D, Djossou F, Panchoe D, Punwasi W, Valery N, Peneau C, Daigre JL, Aznar C, Cottrelle B, Terzan L, Dardé ML, Carme B: Fatal outbreak of human toxoplasmosis along Maroni River: epidemiological, clinical, and parasitological aspects. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45, e88–95. E-pub 27 Aug 2007.
13.
Diza E, Frantzidou F, Souliou E, Arvanitidou M, Gioula G, Antoniadis A: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in northern Greece during the last 20 years. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005, 11, 719–723.
14.
Dubey JP: Long-term persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs inoculated with T. gondii oocysts and effect of freezing on viability of tissue cysts in pork. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49, 910–913.
15.
Dubey JP: Strategies to reduce transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to animals and humans. Vet Parasitol 1996, 64, 65–70.
17.
Dubey JP: The history of Toxoplasma gondii: the first 100 years. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2008, 55, 467–475.
18.
Dubey JP, Jones JL: Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. Int J Parasitol 2008, 38, 1257–1278.
19.
Dubey JP, Thulliez P: Persistence of tissue cysts in edible tissues of cattle fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Am J Vet Res 1993, 54, 270–273.
20.
Dubey JP, Zarnke R, Thomas NJ, Wong SK, Van Bonn W, Briggs M, Davis JW, Ewing R, Mense M, Kwok OC, Romand S, Thulliez P: Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarco-cystis canis – like infections in marine mammals. Vet Parasitol 2003, 116, 275–293.
21.
Etheredge GD, Michael G, Muehlenbein MP, Frenkel JK: The roles of cats and dogs in the transmission of Toxoplasma infection in Kuna and Embera children in eastern Panama. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2004, 16, 176–186.
22.
Eurostat: Eurostat Agricultural Yearbook. Statistical Office for the European Community, Luxembourg 1996.
23.
Ferguson DJ: Toxoplasma gondii: 1908–2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009, 104, 133–148.
24.
Flegr J, Hrusková M, Hodny Z, Novotná M, Hanusová J: Body height, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, fluctuating asymmetry and second to fourth digit ration in subjects with latent toxoplasmosis. Parasitology 2005, 130, 621–628.
25.
Flegr J, Preiss M, Klose J, Havlícek J, Vitáková M, Kodym P: Decreased level of psychobiological factor novelty seeking and lower intelligence in men latently infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Dopamine, a missing link between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis. Biol Psychol 2003, 63, 253–268.
26.
Fromont EG, Riche B, Rabilloud M: Toxoplasma seroprevalence in a rural population in France: detection of a household effect. BMC Inf Dis 2009, 9, 76–82.
27.
Gilbert RE, Peckham CS: Congenital toxoplasmosis in the United Kingdom: to screen or not to screen? J Med Screen 2002, 9, 135–141.
29.
Graczyk TK, Knight R, Gilman RH, Cranfield MR: The role of non-biting flies in the epidemiology of human infectious diseases. Microbes Infect 2001, 3, 231–235.
30.
Hall SM, Pandit A, Golwilkar A, Williams TS: How do Jains get toxoplasma infection? Lancet 1999, 354, 486–487.
31.
Kaňková S, Šulc J, Nouzová K, Fajfrlík K, Frynta D, Flegr J: Women infected with parasite Toxoplasma have more sons. Naturwis-senschaften 2007, 94, 122–127.
32.
Kapperud G, Jenum PA, Stray Pedersen B, Melby KK, Eskild A, Eng J: Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Results of a prospective case-control study in Norway. Am J Epidemiol 1996, 144, 405–412.
33.
Kijlstra A, Jongert E: Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat. Int J Parasitol 2008, 38, 1359–1370.
34.
Kijlstra A, Jongert E: Toxoplasma-safe meat: close to reality? Trends Parasitol 2009, 25, 18–22.
35.
Kortbeek LM, Hofhuis A, Nijhuis CD, Havelaar AH: Congenital toxoplasmosis and DALYs in the Netherlands. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009, 104, 370–373.
36.
Kwiecień K, Zielińska A: Toksoplazmoza wrodzona a działania profilaktyczne pierwszego rzędu. Probl Pielęgniarstwa 2008, 16, 310–315.
37.
Lindsay DS, Blagburn BL, Dubey JP: Survival of nonsporulated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts under refrigerator conditions. Vet Parasitol 2002, 103, 309–313.
38.
Logar J, Soba B, Premru-Srsen T, Novak-Antolic Z: Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005, 11, 852–855.
39.
Meerburg BG, Kijlstra A: Changing climate – changing pathogens: Toxoplasma gondii in North-Western Europe. Parasitol Res 2009, 105, 17–24.
41.
Munoz Batet C, Guardia Llobet C, Juncosa Morros T Vinas Domenech L, Sierra Soler M, Sanfeliu Sala I, Bosch Mestres J, Dopico Ponte E, Lite Lite J, Matas Andreu L, Juste Sánchez C, Barranco Romeu M: Toxoplasmosis and pregnanacy. Multicenter study of 16,632 pregnant women in Barcelona. Med Clin (Barc) 2004, 123, 12–16.
42.
Nichtchauser-Chajecka D: Toksoplazmoza wrodzona i nabyta u dzieci. Available from: www.borgis.pl/czytelnia/nowa_pediatria/99r./05/10php.
43.
Patz JA, Graczyk TK, Geller N, Vittor AY: Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int J Parasitol 2000, 30, 1395–1405.
44.
Paul M: Masowe badania serologiczne noworodków w kierunku obecności swoistych przeciwciał IgA i IgM anty-Toxoplasma gondii we krwi obwodowej pobranej na bibułę. Nowa Ped 2004, 1, 3–12.
45.
Pawłowski ZS: Toksoplazmoza w Wielkopolsce w latach 1990–2000. Przegl Epidemiol 2001, 56, 409–417.
46.
Petersson K, Stray-Pedersen M, Malm G, Forsgren M, Evengard B: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000, 79, 824–829.
47.
Remington JS, Desmonts G: Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (Eds): Infectious Disease of the Fetus and Newborn, 140–267. 4 th ed. WB Sanders Company, Philadelphia 1995.
48.
Silveira C, Ferreira R, Muccioli C, Nussenblatt R, Belfort R Jr: Toxoplasmosis transmitted to a newborn from the mother infected 20 years earlier. Am J Ophtalmol 2003, 136, 370–371.
50.
Sroka J, Wójcik-Fatla A, Dutkiewicz J: Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in water from wells located on farms. Ann Agric Environ Med 2006, 13, 169–175.
51.
Sroka J, Wójcik-Fatla A, Zwoliński J, Zając V, Sawczuk M, Dutkiewicz J: Preliminary study on the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in Ixodes ricinus ticks from north-western Poland with the use of PCR. Ann Agric Environ Med 2008, 15, 333–338.
52.
Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM: Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 2000, 30, 1217–1258.
53.
Vollaire MR, Radecki SV, Lappin MR: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in clinically ill cats in the United States. Am J Vet Res 2005, 66, 874–877.
54.
Walpole IR, Hodgen N, Bower C: Congenital toxoplasmosis: a large survey in Western Australia. Med J Aust 1991, 154, 720–724.
55.
Willson M: Wpływ leczenia toksoplazmozy w czasie ciąży na ryzyko zakażenia płodu oraz występowania skutków wrodzonej toksoplazmozy u dzieci w wieku 12 miesięcy. Wieloośrodkowe badania kliniczne. Med Prakt – Pediatria 2000, 2, 9.
RELATED ARTICLE
Improvement of visual identification of the journal - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated to the activities of disseminating science.
Generation of the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.