RESEARCH PAPER
Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on glioblastoma cells (U -118 MG)
1
University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
2
ADR Technology, Poznań, Poland
3
Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
4
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Corresponding author
Agnieszka Nowak-Terpiłowska
Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2023;30(4):763-772
KEYWORDS
proliferationmorphologyglioblastoma cancer cellshuman embryonic kidney cellsradio dielectric screenradiofrequency electromagnetic field
TOPICS
Biological agents posing occupational risk in agriculture, forestry, food industry and wood industry and diseases caused by these agents (zoonoses, allergic and immunotoxic diseases)Exposure to physical hazards associated with the use of machinery in agriculture and forestry: noise, vibration, dustPrevention of occupational diseases in agriculture, forestry, food industry and wood industryState of the health of rural communities depending on various factors: social factors, accessibility of medical care, etc.
ABSTRACT
Introduction and objective:
Mobile phones and Wi-Fi are the most commonly used forms of telecommunications. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony is currently in its fifth generation without being screened extensively for any biological effects that it may have on humans or on animals. Some studies indicate that high frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone and Wi-Fi connection can have a negative effect upon human health, and can cause cancer, including brain tumour.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on the proliferation and morphology of normal (human embryonic kidney cell line Hek-293) and cancer cells (glioblastoma cell line U-118 MG).
Material and methods:
The cell cultures were incubated in RF-EMF at the frequency of 2.4 GHz, with or without dielectric screen, for 24, 48 and 72h. In order to analyse the influence of the electromagnetic field on cell lines, Cytotoxicity test Cell Counting Kit-8 was performed. To protect cells against emission of the electromagnetic field, a dielectric screen was used.
Results:
It was found that 2.4 GHz RF electromagnetic field exposure caused a significant decrease in viability of U-118 MG and Hek-293 cells. The impact of the electromagnetic field was strongest in the case of cancer cells, and the decrease in their survival was much greater compared to the healthy (normal) cells of the Hek-293 line.
Conclusions:
Results of the study indicate that using a radio frequency electromagnetic field (2.4 GHz) has a clearly negative effect on the metabolic activity of glioblastoma cells. RF-EMF has much less impact on reducing the viability of normal cells (Hek -293) than cancer cells.
Mobile phones and Wi-Fi are the most commonly used forms of telecommunications. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony is currently in its fifth generation without being screened extensively for any biological effects that it may have on humans or on animals. Some studies indicate that high frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone and Wi-Fi connection can have a negative effect upon human health, and can cause cancer, including brain tumour.
Objective:
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on the proliferation and morphology of normal (human embryonic kidney cell line Hek-293) and cancer cells (glioblastoma cell line U-118 MG).
Material and methods:
The cell cultures were incubated in RF-EMF at the frequency of 2.4 GHz, with or without dielectric screen, for 24, 48 and 72h. In order to analyse the influence of the electromagnetic field on cell lines, Cytotoxicity test Cell Counting Kit-8 was performed. To protect cells against emission of the electromagnetic field, a dielectric screen was used.
Results:
It was found that 2.4 GHz RF electromagnetic field exposure caused a significant decrease in viability of U-118 MG and Hek-293 cells. The impact of the electromagnetic field was strongest in the case of cancer cells, and the decrease in their survival was much greater compared to the healthy (normal) cells of the Hek-293 line.
Conclusions:
Results of the study indicate that using a radio frequency electromagnetic field (2.4 GHz) has a clearly negative effect on the metabolic activity of glioblastoma cells. RF-EMF has much less impact on reducing the viability of normal cells (Hek -293) than cancer cells.
REFERENCES (52)
2.
Choi HD, Kim N. 5G jeonjapawa inche yeonghyang. In: Proceedings of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Soc. 2018;29:26–30.
3.
Levitt BB, Lai H. Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays. Environ Rev. 2011;19:495–495.
4.
Woelders H, de Wit A, Lourens A, et al. Study of potential health effects of electromagnetic fields of telephony and wi-fi, using chicken embryo development as animal model. Bioelectromagnetics. 2017;38:186–203.
5.
Sagar S, Adem SM, Struchen B, et al. Comparison of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure levels in different everyday microenvironments in an international context. Environ Int. 2018;114:297–306.
6.
World Health Organization (WHO). Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones. http://www.who.int/mediacentre.... 2017; Accessed 17 Jan 2017.
7.
Hardell L, Mild KH, Pahlson A, et al. Ionizing radiation, cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumours. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2001;10:523–529.
8.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH. Case–control study on cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for acoustic neuroma or meningioma in patients diagnosed 2000–2003. Neuroepidemiol. 2005a;25(3):120–128.
9.
Hardell L, Sage C. Biological effect from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. Biomed Pharmacother. 2008;62(2):104–109.
10.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F, et al. Case-control study of the association between malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 2007 and 2009 and mobile and cordless phone use. Int J Oncol. 2013;43(6):1833–1845.
11.
Prasad M, Kathuria P, Nair P, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of brain tumours: a systematic review of association between study quality, source of funding, and research outcomes. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(5):797–810.
12.
INTERPHONE Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:675–94.
13.
Cardis E, Deltour I, Mann S, et al. Distribution of RF energy emitted by mobile phones in anatomical structures of the brain. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:2771–2783.
14.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH. Pooled analysis of two case–control studies on use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for malignant brain tumours diagnosed in 1997–2003. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2006;79(8):630–639.
15.
Wiart J, Hadjem A, Wong MF, et al. Analysis of RF exposure in the head tissues of children and adults. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53(13):3681–3695.
16.
Gandhi OP, Kang G. Some present problems and a proposed experimental phantom for SAR compliance testing of cellular telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47(9):1501–1518.
17.
Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Jarus-Hakak A, et al. Cellular phone use and risk of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors—a nationwide case–control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(4):457–467.
18.
Hardell L, Eriksson M, Carlberg M, et al. Use of cellular or cordless telephones and the risk for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005b;8:625–632.
19.
Linet MS, Taggart T, Severson RK, et al. Cellular telephones and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(10):2382–2388.
20.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Ohlson CG, et al. Use of cellular and cordless telephones and risk of testicular cancer. Int J Androl. 2007;30(2):115–122.
21.
Lai H, Singh NP. Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18:446–454.
22.
Liu C, Duan W, Xu S, et al. Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation induces oxidative DNA base damage in a mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line. Toxicol Lett. 2013;218:2–9.
23.
Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S. ffects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and histopathological study. Brain Res. 2008;1238:224–229.
24.
Bas O, Odaci E, Kaplan S, et al. 900 MHz electromagnetic field exposure affects qualitative and quantitative features of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the adult female rat. Brain Res. 2009;1265:178–185.
25.
Aldad TS, Gan G, Gao XB, et al. Fetal radiofrequency radiation exposure from 800–1900 mhz-rated cellular telephones affects neurodevelopment and behavior in mice. Sci Rep. 2012;2:312.
26.
Salford LG, Brun AE, Eberhardt JL, et al. Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(7):881–883.
27.
Nittby H, Brun A, Eberhardt J, et al. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. Pathophysiology. 2009;16(2–3):103–1012.
28.
Maaroufi K, Save E, Poucet B, et al. Oxidative stress and prevention of the adaptive response to chronic iron overload in the brain of young adult rats exposed to a 150 kilohertz electromagnetic field. Neuroscience. 2011;186:39–47.
29.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, et al. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Int J Radiat Biol. 2015;91(7):555–561.
30.
Kaplan S, Deniz OG, Önger ME, et al. Electromagnetic field and brain development. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016;75(B):52–61.
31.
Wosiński S. The influence of the composition and manufacturing conditions of ceramic and polymer composites on the ability of shielding an alternating electric field, doctor thesis, 2010a. Poznan University of Technology.
32.
Wosiński S. Solution for impregnation of materials shielding Low- Frequency Electric Field and the shielding material. International patent application. 2010b. WO/2010/093270.
33.
Górski R, Nowak-Terpiłowska A, Śledziński P, Baranowski M, Wosiński S. Morphological and cytophysiological changes in selected lines of normal and cancer human cells under the influence of a radio-frequency electromagnetic field. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2021;28(1):163–171. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/...
35.
Krex D, Klink B, Hartmann C, et al. Long-term survival with glioblastoma multiforme. Brain. 2007;130:2596–2606.
36.
Pan W, Ferguson S, Lam S. Patient and treatment factors associated with survival among adult glioblastomas patients: a USA population-based study from 2000–2010. J Neurosci. 2015;22:1575–1581.
37.
Amelot A, De Cremoux P, Quillien V. IDH-Mutation is a weak predictor of long-term survival in glioblastoma patients. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0130596.
38.
Johnson D, Ma D, Buckner J, et al. Conditional probability of long-term survival in glioblastoma: a population-based analysis. Cancer. 2012;118:5608–5613.
39.
Smoll N, Schaller K, Gautschi OJ. Long-term survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:670–675.
40.
Gaist D, Hallas J, Friis S. et al. Statin use and survival following glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Epidemiol. 2014;38:722–727.
41.
Gittleman H, Boscia A, Ostrom QT, et al. Survivorship in adults with malignant brain and other central nervous system tumor from 2000–2014. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20:vii6–vii16.
42.
Peters S, Bexelius C, Munk V, et al. The impact of brain metastasis on quality of life, resource utilization and survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2016;45:139–162.
43.
Churilla TM, Chowdhury IH, Handorf E, et al. Comparison of local control of brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery vs surgical resection: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5:243–247.
44.
Suh JH, Kotecha R, Chao ST, et al. Current approaches to the management of brain metastases. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020;17:279–299.
45.
Hasanzadeh H, Rezaie-Tavirani M, Seyyedi SS, et al. Effect of ELF-EMF Exposure on Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line: a Proteomics Analysis. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;7:22–27.
46.
Akbarnejad Z, Eskandary H, Vergallo C, et al. Effects of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF-PEMFs) on glioblastoma cells (U87). Electromagn Biol Med. 2017;36(3): 238–247.
47.
Yang Y, Hu X, Liu Y, et al. An implantable ultrasound-powered device for the treatment of brain cancer using electromagnetic fields. Sci. Adv. 2022;8(29):eabm5023.
48.
Markov MS Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 2015;476pp.
49.
Vianale G, Reale M, Amerio P, et al. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field enhances human keratinocyte cell growth and decreases proinflammatory chemokine production. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:1189–1196.
50.
Mrugala MM, Engelhard HH, Tran DD, et al. Clinical practice experience with NovoTTF-100A system for glioblastoma: The Patient Registry Dataset (PRiDe). Semin Oncol. 2014;41Suppl 6, S4–S13.
51.
Stupp R, Taillibert S, Kanner A, et al. Effect of tumortreating fields plus maintenance temozolomide vs maintenance temozolomide alone on survival in patients with glioblastoma: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318:2306–2316.
52.
Tuszynski JA, Wenger C, Friesen DE, et al. An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;12;13(11):1128.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1898-2263 |
| ISSN: | 1232-1966 |
Improvement of visual identification of the journal - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated to the activities of disseminating science.
Generation of the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) - task financed under the agreement No. 618/P-DUN/2019 by the Minister of Science and Higher
© 2006-2024 Journal hosting platform by Bentus
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
