Depression, traumatic cognition, and death anxiety in pre-hospital and emergency staff depending on prior COVID-19 infection  – a Turkish example

Ethics approval and consent to participate. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Gumushane University (Approval No. 2021–8, dated 29.12.2021). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study who were informed that voluntarily completion the questionnaire was considered consent to participate. The study was conducted in alignment with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical research with human participants. Questionnaire/Interview/Survey. The COVID-19 Clinical Information Form, developed by the researcher to determine the clinical findings of the participants, was used only for this study. This article has not been accepted or published elsewhere published before.

KEYWORDS

Depression

Traumatic Cognition

Death Anxiety

Pre-Hospital

Emergency

TOPICS

State of the health of rural communities depending on various factors: social factors, accessibility of medical care, etc.

ABSTRACT

Introduction and objective:
Pre-hospital emergency health staff (PHEHS) and emergency service staff (ESS) who were directly involved in the fight against COVID-19, have been the most affected group among health service units. The aim of the study is to evaluate the traumatic cognition, depression and death anxiety according to having had the COVID-19 disease.

Material and methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted between 15 December 2021–1 April 2022 in Gümüşhane, Turkey, with the participation of PHEHS and ESS (N=304. The Post-Traumatic Cognition Scale (PTCI), Beck Depression Scale (BDI) and Turkish Death Anxiety Inventory (TDAI) were used.

Results:
Based on the scoring ranges of the instruments used, the study found that participants exhibited moderate levels of depression (BDI scores between 17–29), high levels of death anxiety (TDAI scores approaching the upper limit of 80), and elevated trauma-related cognitions (PTCI scores within the higher range of 36–252, indicating increased negative cognitions related to the traumatic event). The mean scores of the PTCI and BDI were significantly higher among employees diagnosed with COVID-19 compared to those who were not (p < 0.05). Conversely, the mean scores of the TDAI were significantly higher among participants who had not been diagnosed with COVID-19 (p < 0.05). A gender-based analysis revealed that female participants scored significantly higher on the PTCI than male participants (t = –8.634, p < 0.05). Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was observed between BDI and PTCI scores (r = 0.822), indicating that increased depressive symptoms were associated with intensified trauma-related cognitions.

Conclusions:
Participants had moderate depression, moderate traumatic findings and moderate death anxiety; whereas participants diagnosed with COVID-19 had higher average of trauma and depression findings, lower death anxiety. It is important to take psycho-social measures for PHEHS and ESS providing health services, to take special precautions especially for women and employees diagnosed with COVID-19 who are more affected by the process, to supply and inspect equipment such as personal protective equipment.

ABBREVIATIONS

COVID-19 – Coronavirus Disease PHEHS – Pre-hospital emergency health staff ESS – Emergency Services Staff EMT – Emergency Medical Technician PTCI – Post-Traumatic Cognition Inventory BDI – Beck Depression Inventory TDAI – Turkish Death Anxiety Inventory SPSS-24 – Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their gratitude to Leyla Tuncel, Merve Nas, Arzu Ataman for their assistance in collecting the data for the study.

FUNDING

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Project DEAL.

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