REVIEW PAPER
Human exposure to airborne fungi from genera used as biocontrol agents in plant production
 
More details
Hide details
1
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
 
2
Department of Ecology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
 
 
Corresponding author
Anne Mette Madsen   

National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
 
 
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2007;14(1):5-24
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The fungi Trichoderma harzianum, T. polysporum, T. viride, Paeciliomyces fumosoroseus, P. lilacinus, Verticillium/lecanicillium lecanii, Ulocladium oudemansii, U. atrum and Beauveria bassiana are used or considered to be used for biocontrol of pests and plant diseases. Human exposure to these fungi in environments where they may naturally occur or are used as biocontrol agents has not been directly investigated to date. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of human exposure to fungi from the relevant genera. The subject of fungal taxonomy due to the rapid development of this issue is also discussed. B. bassiana, V. lecanii, T. harzianum, T. polysporum, P. lilacinus and U. oudemansii were infrequently present in the air and thus people in general seem to be seldom exposed to these fungi. However, when V. lecanii was present, high concentrations were measured. Fungi from the genera Trichoderma, Paecilomyces and Ulocladium were rarely identifi ed to the species level and sometimes high concentrations were reported. T. viride and U. atrum were detected frequently in different environments and sometimes with a high frequency of presence in samples. Thus, people seem to be frequently exposed to these fungi. Sequence data have led to recent revisions of fungal taxonomy, and in future studies it is important to specify the taxonomy used for identifi cation, thus making comparisons possible.
 
REFERENCES (139)
1.
Abdel-Hafez SII: Survey of airborne fungus spores at Taif, Saudi Arabia. Mycopathologia 1984, 88, 39-44.
 
2.
Abdel-Hafez SII, Moubasher AH, Barakat A: Keratinophilic fungi and other moulds associated with air-dust particles from Egypt. Folia Forestalia 1990, 35, 311-325.
 
3.
Aho R, Koski P, Salonen A, Rintamaki P: Fungal swimbladder infection in farmed Baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.) caused by Verticillium lecanii. Mycoses 1988, 31, 208-212.
 
4.
Airaudi D, Marchisio VF: Fungal biodiversity in the air of Turin. Mycopathologia 1996, 136, 95-102.
 
5.
Al-Suwaine AS, Bahkali AH, Hasnain SM: Seasonal incidences of airborne fungal allergens in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Mycopathologia 1999, 145, 15-22.
 
6.
Al-Suwaini AS, Bahkali AH, Hasnain SM: Airborne viable fungi in Riyadh and allergenic response of their extracts. Mycoses 2001, 44, 401-406.
 
7.
Allermann L, Wilkins CK, Madsen AM: Infl ammatory potency of dust from the indoor environment and correlation to content of NAGase and fungi. Toxicol In Vitro 2006, 20, 1522-1531.
 
8.
Altmeyer P, Schon K: Kutane Schimmelpilzgranulome durch Ulocladium chartarum. Der Hautartzt 1981, 32, 36-38.
 
9.
Andersen M, Magan N, Mead A, Chandler D: Development of a population-based threshold model of conidial germination for analyzing the effects of physiological manipulation on the stress tolerance and infectivity of insect pathogenic fungi. Environ Microbiol 2006, 8, 1625- 1634.
 
10.
Augustowska M, Dutkiewicz J: Variability of airborne microfl ora in a hospital ward within a period of one year. Ann Agric Environ Med 2006, 13, 99-106.
 
11.
Badenoch PR, Halliday VL, Ellis DH, Billing KJ, Mills RAD: Ulocladium atrum keratitis. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44, 1190-1193.
 
12.
Bagy MMK, Abdel-Mallek AY: Saprophytic and keratinolytic fungi associated with animals hair from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Zentralbl Mikrobiol 1991, 146, 305-310.
 
13.
Bagy MMK, Gohar YM: Mycofl ora of air-conditioners dust from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Basic Microbiol 1988, 28, 571-577.
 
14.
Basilico ML, Chiericatti C, Aringoli EE, Althaus RL, Basilico JC: Infl uence of environmental factors on airborne fungi in houses of Santa Fe City, Argentina. Sci Total Environ 2007, 376(1-3), 143-150.
 
15.
Baxter DM, Perkins JL, McGhee CR, Seltzer JM: A regional comparison of mold spore concentrations outdoors and inside “clean” and “mold contaminated” Southern California buildings. J Occup Environ Med 2005, 2, 8-19.
 
16.
Beaumont F, Kauffman HF, de Monchy JG, Sluiter HJ, De Vries K: Volumetric aerobiological survey of conidial fungi in the North-East Netherlands. II. Comparison of aerobiological data and skin tests with mould extracts in an asthmatic population. Allergy 1985, 40, 181-186.
 
17.
Bishoff JF, White JF: Torrubiella piperis sp. nov. (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales), a new teleomorph of the Lecanicillium complex. Stud Mycol 2004, 50, 89-94.
 
18.
Bokhary HA, Parvez S: Fungi inhabiting household environments in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Mycopathologia 1995, 130, 79-87.
 
19.
Buchalo AS, Nevo E, Wasser SP, Oren A, Molitoris P: Fungal life in the extremely hypersaline water of the Dead Sea: fi rst records. Proc R Soc Lond B 1998, 265, 1461-1465.
 
20.
Butt TM, Walden S: Fungal biological control agents. Pesticide Outlook 2000, 11, 186-191.
 
21.
Cantone FA, Vandenberg JD: Intraspecifi c diversity in Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Mycol Res 1998, 102, 209-215.
 
22.
Castle A, Speranzini D, Rghei N, Alm G, Rinker D, Bissett J: Morphological and molecular identifi cation of Trichoderma isolates on North American mushroom farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64, 133-137.
 
23.
Chasseur C, Suetens C, Michel V, Mathieu F, Begaux F, Nolard N, Haubruge E: A 4-year study of the mycological aspects of Kashin-Beck disease in Tibet. Int Orthop 2001, 25(3), 154-158. Chong LM, Sheridan JE: Mycofl ora of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 1982, 20, 187- 189.
 
24.
Cohen HI, Merigan T, Kosek JC, Eldridge F: A granulomatous pneuminitis associated with redwood sawdust inhalation. Am J Med 1967, 43, 785-794.
 
25.
Colakoglu G: Airborne fungal spores at the Belgrad forest near the city of Istanbul (Turkey) in the year 2001 and their relation to allergic diseases. J Basic Microbiol 2003, 43, 376-384.
 
26.
Cosentino S, Palmas F: Assessment of airborne fungal spores in different industrial working environments and their importance as health hazards to workers. Environ Monit Assess 1991, 16, 127-136.
 
27.
Dalcero A, Magnoli C, Luna M, Ancasi G, Reynoso MM, Chiacchiera S, Miazzo R, Palacio G: Mycofl ora and naturally occurring mycotoxins in poultry feeds in Argentina. Mycopathologia 1998, 141, 37-43.
 
28.
Demirel R, Ilhan S, Asan A, Kinaci E, Oner S. Microfungi in cultivated fi elds in Eskisehir province (Turkey). J Basic Microbiol 2005, 45, 279-293.
 
29.
Doekes G, Larsen P, Sigsgaard T, Baelum J: IgE sensitization to bacterial and fungal biopesticides in a cohort of Danish greenhouse workers: the BIOGART study. Am J Ind Med 2004, 46, 404-407.
 
30.
Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson T-H: Compendium of Soil Fungi. IHW-Verlag, Regensburg 1993.
 
31.
Donham KJ, Scallon LJ, Popendorf W, Treuhaft MW, Roberts RC: Characterization of dust collected from swine confi nement buildings. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1986, 47(7), 404-410.
 
32.
Douwes J, Thorne P, Pearce N, Heederik D: Bioaerosols health effects and exposure assessment: progress and prospects. Ann Occup Hyg 2003, 47, 187-200.
 
33.
Drake CS, Knowelden J, Lacey J, Ward MA: Respiratory disease of workers harvesting grain. Thorax 1976, 31, 294-302.
 
34.
Durán MT, Del Pozo J, Yebra MT, Crespo MG, Paniagua MJ, Cabezón MA, Guarro J: Cutaneous infection caused by Ulocladium chartarum in a heart transplant recipient: case report and review. Acta Derm Venereol 2003, 83(3), 218-221.
 
35.
Dutkiewicz J, Krysińska-Traczyk E, Skórska C, Sitkowska J, Prażmo Z, Golec M: Exposure to airborne microorganisms and endotoxin in herb processing plants. Ann Agric Environ Med 2001, 8, 201-211.
 
36.
Dykewicz MS, Laufer P, Patterson R, Roberts M, Sommers HM: Woodman’s disease: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis from cutting live trees. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988, 81, 455-460.
 
37.
Eduard W: Fungal spores. The Nordic Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. Staffan Marklund. I39, 1-145.
 
38.
2006. Sweden, National Institute for Working Life. Arbete och hälsa.
 
39.
Eduard W, Douwes J, Mehl R, Heederik D, Melbostad E: Short term exposure to airborne microbial agents during farm work: exposureresponse relations with eye and respiratory symptoms. Occup Environ Med 2001, 58, 113-118.
 
40.
Eilenberg J, Enkegaard A, Vestergaard S, Jensen B: Biocontrol of pests on plant crops in Denmark: Present status and future potential. Biocontrol Sci Technol 2000, 10, 703-716.
 
41.
Engelhart S, Sennekamp J, Gilqes J, Pleischl S, Exner M: Workplace- related complaints due to exposure to contaminated humidifi er water and the VDI guideline 6022. Eur J Med Res 2000, 27, 126.
 
42.
Flannigan B, Campbell I: Pre-harvest moulds and yest fl oras on the fl ag leaf, bracts and caryosis of wheat. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1977, 69, 485-494.
 
43.
Fromtling RA, Kosanke SD, Jensen JM, Bulmer GS: Fatal Beauveria bassiana infection in a captive American alligator. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979, 175(9), 934-936.
 
44.
Gandy DG: Observation on the development of Verticillium malthousi in mushroom crops and the role of cultural practices in its control. Mushroom Sci 2007, 8, 171-181.
 
45.
Gaye O, Samb K, Ndir O, Diallo S, Ndiaye M, Diedhiou M, Faye O: Fungi in the hospital environment and infectious risk. Dakar Med 1992, 37(1), 11-14 [In French].
 
46.
Góra A, Skórska C, Sitkowska J, Prażmo Z, Krysińska-Traczyk E, Urbanowicz B, Dutkiewicz J: Exposure of hop gowers to bioaerosols. Ann Agric Environ Med 2004, 11, 129-138.
 
47.
Górny RL, Dutkiewicz J: Bacterial and fungal aerosols in indoor environment in central and eastern european countries. Ann Agric Environ Med 2002, 9, 17-23.
 
48.
Göttlich E, Van der Lubbe W, Lange B, Fiedler S, Melchert I, Reifenrath M, Flemming H-C, de Hoog GS: Fungal fl ora in groundwater-derived public drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2002, 205, 260-279.
 
49.
Gravesen S, Nielsen PA, Iversen R, Nielsen KF: Microfungal contamination of damp buildings – examples of risk constructions and risk materials. Environ Health Perspect 1999, 107(Suppl. 3), 505-508.
 
50.
Greaves H: Microbiological aspects of wood chip storage in tropical environments. Aust J Biol Sci 1975, 28, 315-322.
 
51.
Green BJ, O’Meara T, Sercombe JK, Tovey ER: Measurement of personal exposure to outdoor aeromycota in nothern New South Wales, Australia. Ann Agric Environ Med 2006, 13, 225-234.
 
52.
Gregory PH, Lacey ME: Mycological examination of dust from mouldy hay associated with farmer’s lung disease. J Gen Microbiol 1963, 30, 75-88.
 
53.
Grishkan I, Beharav A, Kirzhner V, Nevo E: Adaptive spatiotemporal distribution of soil microfungi in “Evolution Canyon” III, Nahal Shaharut, extreme southern Negev Desert, Israel. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007, 90, 263.
 
54.
Gruzdeviene E, Mankeviciene A, Repeckiene J: The effect of environmental conditions on the variation of fungi and mycotoxin contents in oil fl ax seed. Ekologija 2006, 3, 64-70.
 
55.
Guiserix J, Ramdane M, Finielz P, Michault A, Rajaonarivelo P: Trichoderma harzianum peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 1996, 74, 473-474.
 
56.
Gürcan S, Tugul HM, Yörûk Y, Özer B, Tatman-Otkun M, Otkun M: First case report of empyema by Beauveria bassiana. Mycoses 2006, 49, 246-248.
 
57.
Hajek AE: Ecology of terrestrial fungal entomopathogens. Adv Microb Ecol 2007, 15, 193-249.
 
58.
Halpin DMG, Graneek BJ, Turner-Warwick M, Taylor AJN: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and asthma in a sawmill worker: case report and review of the literature. Occup Environ Med 1999, 51, 160-164.
 
59.
Hameed AAA, Yasser IH, Khoder IM: Indoor air quality during renovation actions: a case study. J Environ Monit 2004, 6, 740-744.
 
60.
Hashem AR: Seed-borne fungi in domestic bird feed in Saudi Arabia. Mycoscience 1996, 37, 223-226.
 
61.
Heida H, Bartman F, van der Zee SC: Occupational exposure and indoor air quality monitoring in a composting facility. Am Ind Hyg Assoc 1995, 56, 39-43.
 
62.
Hicks JB, Lu ET, Guzman RD, Weingart M: Fungal types and concentrations from settled dust in normal residences. J Occup Environ Hyg 2005, 2, 481-492.
 
63.
Hill RA, Wilson DM, Burg WR, Shotwell Ol: Viable fungi in corn dust. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984, 47, 84-87.
 
64.
Hilmioglu-Polat S, Metin DY, Inci R, Dereli T, Kilinc I, Tumbay E: Non-dermatophytic molds as agents of onychomycosis in Izmir, Turkey – a prospective study. Mycopathologia 2005, 160, 125-128.
 
65.
Hodgson M, Scott R: Prevalence of fungi in carpet dust samples. In: Johanning E (Ed.): Bioaerosols, fungi and mycotoxins: health effects, assessment, prevention and control, 268-274. Boyd Printing Company, Albany, NY 1999.
 
66.
Horner WE, Worthan AG, Morey PR: Air- and dustborne mycofl ora in houses free of water damage and fungal growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70, 6394-6400.
 
67.
Hryhorczuk D, Curtis L, Scheff P, Chung J, Rizzo M, Lewis C, Keys N, Moomey M: Bioaerosol emissions from a suburban yard waste composting facility. Ann Agric Environ Med 2001, 8, 177-185.
 
68.
Hyvärinen A, Husman T, Laitinen S, Meklin T, Taskinen T, Korppi M, Nevalainen A: Microbial exposure and mold-specifi c serum IgG levels among children with respiratory symptoms in 2 school buildings. Arch Environ Health 2003, 58(5), 275-283.
 
69.
Hyvärinen A, Reponen T, Husman T, Nevalainen A: Comparison of the indoor air quality in mould damaged and reference buildings in a subarctic climate. Cent Eur J Publ Health 2001, 9, 133-139.
 
70.
Inglis PW, Tigano MS: Identifi cation and taxonomy of some entomopathogenic Paecilomyces spp. (Ascomycota) isolates using rDNA-ITS Sequences. Genet Mol Biol 2006, 29, 132-136.
 
71.
Instanes C, Ward MD, Hetland G: The fungal biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae has an adjuvant effect on the allergic response to ovalbumin in mice. Toxicol Lett 2006, 161, 219-225.
 
72.
Jacob B, Ritz B, Gehring U, Koch A, Bischof W, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J: Indoor exposure to molds and allergic sensitization. Environ Health Perspect 2002, 110(7), 647-653.
 
73.
Jensen GB, Larsen P, Jacobsen BL, Madsen B, Wilcks A, Smidt L, Andrup L: Isolation and characterization of Bacillus cereus-like bacteria from faecal samples from greenhouse workers who are using Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2002, 75(3), 191-196.
 
74.
Kantarcioglu AS, Hatemi G, Yucel A, de Hoog GS, Mandel NM: Paecilomyces variotii central nervous system infection in a patient with cancer. Mycoses 2003, 46, 45-50.
 
75.
Khan ZU, Khan MA, Chandy R, Sharma PN: Aspergillus and other moulds in the air of Kuwait. Mycopathologia 1999, 146, 25-32.
 
76.
Kiewnick S, Sikora RA: Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita by Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251. Biol Control 2006, 38, 179-187.
 
77.
Kisla TA, Cu-Unjieng A, Sigler L, Sugar J: Medical management of Beauveria bassiana keratitis. Cornea 2000, 19, 405-406.
 
78.
Klaric MS, Kosalec I, Mastelic J, Pieckova E, Pepeljnak S: Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings. Appl Microbiol 2007, 44, 36-42.
 
79.
Kleyn JG, Wetzler TF: The microbiology of spent mushroom compost and its dust. Can J Microbiol 1981, 27, 748-753.
 
80.
Köhl J: Biocontrol of foliar diseases in horticulture: screening and application of Ulocladium atrum for grey mould control. In: Hansen L (Ed.): Implementation of Biocontrol in Practice in Temperate Regions – Present and Near Future. DIAS Report 119, 2006, 211-218.
 
81.
Kolmodin-Hedman B, Blomquist G, Löfgren F: Chipped wood as a source of mould exposure. Eur J Respir Dis 1987, 71, 44-51.
 
82.
Kwaasi AAA, Parhar RS, Al-Mohanna FAA, Harfi HA, Collison KS, Al-Sedairy ST: Aeroallergens and viable microbes in sandstorm dust. Potential triggers of allergic and nonallergic respiratory ailmens. Allergy 1998, 53, 255-265.
 
83.
Labuda R, Tancinova D: Fungi recovered from Slovakian poultry feed mixtures and their toxinogenity. Ann Agric Environ Med 2006, 13, 193-200.
 
84.
Lacey J: The microbiology of hay and straw. In: De Haller R, Suter F (Eds): Aspergillosis and Farmer’s Lung in Man and Animal, 16-26. Hans Huber Publishers, Bern 1974.
 
85.
Lacey J: Exposure of farm workers to fungi and Actinomycetes while harvesting cereal crops and handling stored grain. Eur J Respir Dis 1987, 154, 37-43.
 
86.
Lackner A, Freudenschuss K, Buzina W, Stammberger H, Panzitt T, Schosteritsch S, Braun H: From when on can fungi be identifi ed in nasal mucus of humans? Laryngorhinootologie 2004, 83(2), 117-121 [In German].
 
87.
Li C-S, Hsu L-Y: Airborne fungus allergen in association with residential characteristics in atopic and control children in a subtropical region. Arch Environ Health 1997, 52, 72-79.
 
88.
Luangsa-ard JJ, Hywel-Jones NL, Manoch L, Samson RA: On therelationships of Paecilomyces sect. Isarioidea species. Mycological Res 2005, 109, 581-589.
 
89.
Lugasukas A, Levinskaite L, Mackinaite R, Raudoniene V: Ecological and technological factors infl uencing the distribution of toxin producing micromyctes on oats and their products. Ekologija 2006, 3, 112-121.
 
90.
Madsen AM, Kruse P, Schneider T: Characterization of microbial particle release from biomass and building material surfaces for inhalation exposure risk assessment. Ann Occup Hyg 2006, 50, 175-187.
 
91.
Madsen AM, Mårtensson L, Schneider T, Larsson L: Microbial dustiness and particle release of different biofuels. Ann Occup Hyg 2004, 48, 327-338.
 
92.
Meklin T, Hyvarinen A, Toivola M, Reponen T, Koponen V, Husman T, Taskinen T, Korppi M, Nevalainen A: Effect of building frame and moisture damage on microbiological indoor air quality in school buildings. AIHA J (Fairfax, Va) 2003, 64(1), 108-116.
 
93.
Meyer HW, Jensen KA, Nielsen KF, Kildesø J, Norn S, Permin H, Poulsen LK, Malling HJ, Gravesen S, Gyntelberg F: Double blind placebo controlled exposure to molds: exposure system and clinical results. Indoor Air 2005, 15(Suppl 10), 73-80.
 
94.
Meyling NV, Eilenberg J: Isolation and characterisation of Beauveria bassiana isolates from phylloplanes of hedgerow vegetation. Mycol Res 2006, 110, 188-195.
 
95.
Meyling NV, Eilenberg J: Occurrence and distribution of soil borne entomopathogenic fungi within a single organic agroecosystem. Agric Ecosyst Environ 2006, 113, 336-341.
 
96.
Mier T, Olivares-Redonda G, Navarro-Barranco H, Perez-Mejia A, Lorenzana M, Perez-Torres A, Toriello C: Acute oral intragastric pathogenicity and toxicity in mice of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolated from whitefl ies. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2005, 88(2), 103-111.
 
97.
Miller JD, Haisley PD, Reinhardt JH: Air sampling results in relation to extent of fungal colonization of building materials in some water damaged buildings. Indoor Air 2000, 10, 146-151.
 
98.
Mills JT, Frydman C: Mycofl ora and condition of grains from overwintered fi eld in Manitoba, 1977-78. Can Plant Dis Surv 1980, 1-7. 99. Motiejunaite O, Peciulyte D: Fungicidal properties of Pinus sylvestris L. for improvement of air quality. Medicina (Kaunas) 2004, 40, 787-794.
 
99.
Mousa HA-L, Al-Bader SM, Hassan DA: Correlation between fungi isolated from burn wounds and burn care units. Burns 1999, 25, 145-147.
 
100.
Moustafa AF, Kamel SM: A study of fungal spore population in the atmosphere of Kuwait. Mycopathologia 1976, 59, 29-35.
 
101.
Nardoni S, Mancianti F, Sgorbini M, Taccini F, Corazza M: Identifi cation and seasonal distribution of airborne fungi in three horse stables in Italy. Mycopathologia 2005, 160, 29-34.
 
102.
Novotny WE, Dixit A: Pulmonary hemorrhage in an infant following 2 weeks of fungal exposure. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000, 154, 271-275.
 
103.
Papavassiliou JT, Bartzokas CA: The atmospheric fungal fl ora of the Athens metropolitan area. Mycopathologia 1975, 57, 31-34.
 
104.
Pasanen A-L, Kujanpää L, Pasanen P, Kalliokoski P, Blomquist G: Culturable and total fungi in dust accumulated in air ducts in singlefamily houses. Indoor Air 1997, 7, 121-127.
 
105.
Peltola J, Andersson MA, Haahtela T, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Rainey FA, Kroppenstedt RM, Samson RA, Salkinoja-Salonen MS: Toxic- metabolite-producing bacteria and fungus in an indoor environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67(7), 3269-3274.
 
106.
Peltola J, Ritieni A, Mikkola R, Pócsfalvi PAG, Andersson MA, Salkinoja-Salonen MS: Biological effects of Trichoderma harzianu peptaibols on mammalian cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70, 4996- 5004.
 
107.
Pieckova E, Jesenska Z: Molds on house walls and the effect of their chloroform-extractable metabolites on the respiratory cilia movement of one-day-old chicks in vitro. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1998, 43, 672-678.
 
108.
Pieckova E, Wilkins K: Airway toxicity of house dust and its fungal composition. Ann Agric Environ Med 2004, 11, 67-73.
 
109.
Popescu IG, Comes I, Costescu M, Murariu D, Ulmeanu V: Investigations upon the incidence of atmospheric fungi in the town of.
 
110.
Craiova. Med Interne 1983, 21, 7-13.
 
111.
Pryor BM, Bigelow DM: Molecular characterization of Embellisia and Nimbya species and their relationship to Alternaria, Ulocladium and Stemphylium. Mycologia 2003, 95, 1141-1154.
 
112.
Rainer J, Peintner U, Pöder R: Biodiversity and concentration of airborne fungi in a hospital environment. Mycopathologia 2000, 149, 87-97.
 
113.
Rautiala S, Kangas J, Louhelainen K, Reiman M: Farmers’ exposure to airborne microorganisms in composting swine confi nement buildings. AIHA J (Fairfax, Va) 2003, 64(5), 673-677.
 
114.
Reboux G, Piarroux R, Mauny F, Madroszyk A, Millon L, Bardonnet K, Dalphin JC: Role of molds in farmer’s lung disease in Eastern France. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163(7), 1534-1539.
 
115.
Rehner SA, Buckley EP: A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-alpha sequences: evidence for cryptic diversifi cation and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 2005, 97, 84-98.
 
116.
Reinecke P, Fokkema NJ: An evaluation of mehods of screening fungi from the haulm base of cereals for antagonism to Pseudocercosporelle herpotrichoides in wheat. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1981, 77, 343-350.
 
117.
Romano C, Maritati F, Paccagnini E, Massai L: Onychomycosis due to Ulocladium botrytis. Mycoses 2004, 47, 346-348.
 
118.
Roussos S, Zaouia N, Salih G, Tantaoui-Elaraki A, Lamrani K, Cheheb M, Hassouni H, Verhé F, Perraud-Gaime I, Augur C, Ismaili- Alaoui M: Characterization of fi lamentous fungi isolated from Moroccan olive and olive cake: toxinogenic potential of Aspergillus strains. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006, 50(6), 500-506.
 
119.
Rylander R, Haglind P, Lundholm M: Endotoxin in cotton dust and respiratory function decrement among cotton workers in an experimental cardroom. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985, 131, 209-213.
 
120.
Samuels GJ: Trichoderma: Systematics, the sexual state, and ecology. Phytopathology 2005, 96, 195-206.
 
121.
Senkpil K, Kurowski V, Ohgke H: Raumluftuntersuchungen schimmelpilzbelasteter Wohn- und Aufenhaltsräume bei ausgewahlten Patienten mit Asthma bronchiale (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bewertungsproblematik). Zbl Hyg 1996, 198, 191-203.
 
122.
Shen YE, Sorenson WG, Lewis DM, Olenchock SA: Microbiological analyses and infl ammatory effects of settled dusts from rice and hay. Biomed Environ Sci 1990, 3(3), 353-363.
 
123.
Shimazu M, Sato H, Maehara N: Density of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana vuillemin (Deutoromycotina: Hyphomycetes) in forest air and soil. Appl Entomol Zool 2002, 37, 19-26.
 
124.
Simmons RB, Price DL, Noble JA, Crow SA, Ahearn DG: Fungal colonization of air fi lters from hospitals. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1997, 58, 900-904.
 
125.
Solomon WR: A volumetric study of winter fungus prevalence in the air of midwestern homes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1976, 57, 46-55.
 
126.
Steenberg T, Jespersen JB, Jensen KM, Nielsen BO, Humber RA: Entomopathogenic fungi in fl ies associated with pastured cattle in Denmark. J Invertebr Pathol 2001, 77, 186-197.
 
127.
Summerbell RC, Krajden S, Kane J: Potted plants in hospitals as reservoirs of pathogenic fungi. Mycopathologia 1989, 106, 13-22.
 
128.
Swan JRM, Crook B: Airborne microorganisms associated with grain handling. Ann Agric Environ Med 1998, 5, 7-15.
 
129.
Terho EO, Husman K, Kotimaa M, Sjoblom T: Extrinsic allergic alveolitis in a sawmill worker. A case report. Scand J Work Environ Health 1980, 6(2), 153-157.
 
130.
Thörnqvist T, Lundström H: Health hazards caused by fungi in stored wood chips. For Prod J 1982, 32, 29-32.
 
131.
Tucker DL, Beresford CH, Sigler L, Rogers K: Disseminated Beauveria bassiana infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42, 5412-5414.
 
132.
Ulevicius V, Peciulyte D, Lugauskas A, Andriejauskiene J: Field study on changes in viability of airborne fungal propagules exposed to UV radiation. Environ Toxicol 2004, 19, 437-441.
 
133.
Verhoeff AP, Van Wijnen JH, Hoekstra ES, Samson RT, Van Strien RT, Brunekreef B: Fungal propagules in house dust: Relation with home characteristics. Allergy 1994, 49, 540-547. Whipps JM, Lumbsden RD: Commercial use of fungi as plant disease control agents: status and prospects. In: Butt T (Ed): Fungi as.
 
134.
biocontrol agents, 9-22. CAB International 2001.
 
135.
Wu P-C, Su HJ, Ho H-M: A comparison of sampling media for environmental viable fungi collected in a hospital environment. Environ Res Sec A 2000, 82, 253-257.
 
136.
Würtz H, Sigsgaard T, Valbjorn O, Doekes G, Meyer HW: The dustfall collector – a simple passive tool for long-term collection of airborne dust: a project under the Danish Mould in Buildings program (DAMIB). Indoor Air 2005, 15, 33-40.
 
137.
Yazicioglu M, Asan A, Ones U, Vatansever U, Sen B, Ture M, Bostancioglu M, Pala O: Indoor airborne fungal spores and home characteristics in asthmatic children from Edirne region of Turkey. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2004, 32(4), 197-203.
 
138.
Yoshida K, Ueda A, Yamasaki H, Sato K, Uchida K, Ando M: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis resulting from Aspergillus fumigatus in a greenhouse. Arch Environ Health 1993, 48(4), 260-262.
 
139.
Zare R, Gams W: A revision of Verticillium sect. Prostrata, IV. The genera Lecanicillium and Simpllicillium gen. nov. Nova Hedwigia 2001, 73, 1-50.
 
eISSN:1898-2263
ISSN:1232-1966
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top