Introduction and objective:
Effective physician–patient communication is a cornerstone of therapeutic relationships and a key determinant of healthcare quality. The aim of the study is to assess the quality of doctor–patient relationships in Poland, using the Human Connection Scale (THC), and to identify demographic, social, and health-related determinants.

Material and methods:
In March 2022, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,912 adults who had used medical services within the previous two years. Participants completed a 16-item THC scale, self-rated their somatic and mental health, and reported pain intensity with the EQ-5D-5L. Psychometric testing confirmed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.91) and a predominantly unidimensional structure. Differences and predictors of THC scores were analyzed using non-parametric tests and a multivariable general linear model with interactions.

Results:
The mean standardized THC score was 58.8/100. Respect (85.7%) and active listening (84.4%) received the highest ratings, while physician interest in family coping (25.1%) and attention to quality of life (30.4%) were lowest. Lower scores were reported by younger adults, especially those aged 36–50 years (S = −4.22; 95% CI −7.28 to −1.16), individuals with higher education, patients with poorer somatic (S = −2.99; −3.52) or mental health (S = −3.65; −4.11), and those experiencing moderate to severe pain (S = −3.23). Significant interactions between pain and mental health, age, gender, pain, and type of healthcare provision explained 5.6% of variance.

Conclusions:
Findings indicate a moderate quality of perceived physician–patient communication in Poland. Strengthening communication skills training and integrating tools such as the THC scale into routine practice may enhance empathetic, patient-centred care.