Tuberculosis (TB) is a complex health problem, which occurs more frequently in healthcare workers. However, TB is rarely recognized as an occupational disease. The report presents a case of occupational tuberculosis in a medical microbiologist, initially misinterpreted as lung cancer. A 59-year-old microbiologist at healthcare laboratory, smoker, underwent lung lobectomy. Histopathological analysis suggested tuberculosis. Follow-up revealed positive mycobacterium tuberculosis culture. Occupational exposure was confirmed and criteria for occupational disease were met. This case highlights the importance of vigilance, accurate tuberculosis diagnosis, and implementation of preventive measures for healthcare workers at increased risk. Tuberculosis remains a global health concern, sometimes mimicking malignancies. Comprehensive diagnostic approaches, protective measures, and collaboration between occupational health services and pulmonologists are essential to reduce risks at the workplace, and ensure early detection.