RESEARCH PAPER
Comparison of the toxic effect of pyrethroids on Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus females
 
More details
Hide details
1
Chair and Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
 
 
Corresponding author
Alicja Buczek   

Chair and Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
 
 
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21(2):263-266
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Despite the increased rates of infestations with I. ricinus (Ir) and D. reticulatus (Dr) ticks observed over the last decade, no effective control methods have been developed so far. The resent study was focused on assessment of the action of pyrethroids on these both tick species.

Material and Methods:
The different doses of four pyrethroids, i.e. deltamethrin – D (K-Othrine), permethrin – P (Copex WP), cypermethrin – C (Kordon 10WP), and alphacypermethrin – AC (Alfasekt 5SC) were tested. The LD50 for each tested compound was also determined for both tick species. Unengorged and engorged (maintained on rabbit skin) tick females were sprayed with 20ml of 0.01563–0.50% solutions of the tested preparations.

Results:
The investigations showed that sensitivity of Ir and Dr to the tested pyrethroids, but the effects exerted by the different doses varied between both tick species and between engorged and unengorged females in these species. The strongest toxic effect on unengorged and engorged Ir and Dr females was exerted by D, whereas the effect of AC was weaker. The LD 50 (in µg/1 g b.w.) of D, AC, C, and P for unengorged Ir and Dr females was, respectively, 55.4 and 25.5, 105.2 and 48.5, 225.9 and 197.7, and 553.8 and 380.8. In the case of engorged Ir and Dr females, the LD50 of AC, D, C, and P reached a value of 0.9453 and 0.2310, 1.0428 and 1.3533, 3.489 and 6.5662, and 8.3955 and 7.3940, respectively.

Conclusions:
The differences between the effects of the tested pyrethroids and their different doses on Ir and Dr highlight the necessity for development of a strategy for control of the tick species in different regions, based on investigations of their sensitivity to chemical compounds.

 
REFERENCES (24)
1.
Alekseev AA, Chankina OV, Dobrotvorsky AK, Rukavishnikov AV, Shashina NI, Tkachev AV. Susceptibility of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze to pyrethroids. Exp Appl Acarol. 1994; 18: 233–240.
 
2.
Sharma AK, Kumar R, Kumar S, Nagar G, Singh NK, Rawat SS, Dhakad ML, Rawat AK, Ray DD, Ghosh S. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from six agro-climatic regions of India. Vet Parasitol. 2012; 188: 337–345.
 
3.
Juristic A, Petrovic A, Rajkovic D, Nicin S. The application of lambda-cyhalothrin in tick control. Exp Appl Acarol. 2010; 52: 101–109.
 
4.
Mehlhorn H, Schumacher B, Jatzlau A, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al.-Rasheid KA, Klimpel S, Pohle H.. Efficacy of deltamethrin (Butox 7.5 pour on) against nymphs and adults of ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in treated hair of cattle and sheep. Parasitol Res. 2011; 108: 963–971.
 
5.
Buczek A, Bartosik K, Kuczyński P. Evaluation of the effect of various concentrations of selected pyrethroids on the development of Dermacentor reticulatus eggs and larvae. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013; 120: 592–596.
 
6.
Estrada-Peña A, Jongejan F. Ticks feeding on humans: a review of records on human-biting Ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission. Exp Appl Acarol. 1999; 23: 685–715.
 
7.
Buczek A, Czerny K, Łańcut M, Buczek L, Kuśmierz A, Olszewski K. Ultrastructural examination of rabbit skin after feeding of females Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). Acta Parasitol. 2000; 45: 216.
 
8.
Bartosik K, Sitarz M, Szymańska J, Buczek A. Tick bites on humans in the agricultural and recreational areas in south-eastern Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011; 18: 151–157.
 
9.
Lichtfield JT, Wilcoxon F. A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1949; 96: 99–113.
 
10.
Bartosik K, Buczek A. Determination of the parameters of the parasitic stage in Ixodes ricinus females. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013; 20: 480–485.
 
11.
Bartosik K, Lachowska-Kotowska P, Szymańska J, Wójcik-Fatla A, Pabis A, Buczek A. Environmental conditioning of incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the south-eastern Poland in 1996–2006. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011; 18: 119–126.
 
12.
Zahler M, Gothe R. Effect of temperature and humidity on egg hatch, moulting and longevity of larvae and nymphs of Dermacentor reticulatus (Ixodidae). Appl Parasitol. 1995; 36: 53–65.
 
13.
Uspensky I, Ioffe-Uspensky I. Potential risk of pathogen transmission by acaricide-poisoned ticks. Int J Med Microbiol. 2006; 40: 217–224.
 
14.
Chizyuka HG, Mulilo JB. Methods currently used for the control of multi-host ticks: validity and proposals for future control strategies. Parassitologia 1990; 32: 127–132.
 
15.
Hardeng F, Baalsrud KJ, Overnes G. Controlling tick infestations and diseases in sheep by pour-on formulations of synthethic pyrethroids. A field study. Vet Res Comm. 1992; 16: 429–436.
 
16.
Stuen S, Enemark JMD, Artursson K, Nielsen B. Prophylactic treatment with flumethrin, a pyrethroid (Bayticol, Byer), against Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in lambs. Acta Vet Scand. 2012; 54: 31–35.
 
17.
Soderlund D, Clark J, Sheets L, Mullin L, Piccirillo V, Sargent D, Stevens, James T, Weiner M. Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: implications for cumulative risk assessement. Toxicology 2002; 171: 3–57.
 
18.
Friesen KJ, Kaufman WR. Cypermethrin inhibits egg development in the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2003; 76: 25–25.
 
19.
Bicalho KA, Ferreira F, Borges LM, Ribeiro MFB. In vitro evaluation of the effects of some acaricides on Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae). Arq Bras MedVet Zootec. 2001; 53: 548–552.
 
20.
Roma GC, Furquim KCS, Bechara GH, Camargo-Mathias MI. Permethrin-induced morphological changes in oocytes of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) semi-engorged females. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48: 825–830.
 
21.
Bianchi MW, Barré N, Messad S. Factors related to cattle level resistance to acaricides in Boophilus microplus tick populations in New Caledonia. Vet Parasitol. 2003; 112: 75–89.
 
22.
George JE, Pouid JM, Davey RB. Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricide. Parasitology 2004; 129: 353–366.
 
23.
Ntondini Z, van Dalen EM, Horak IG. The extent of acaricide resistance in 1-, 2- and 3-host ticks on communally grazed cattle in the eastern region of the Eastern cape province, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2008; 79: 130–135.
 
24.
Fernández-Salas A, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Alonso-Diaz MÁ. Resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to amitraz and cypermethrin in tropical cattle farms in Veracruz, Mexico. J Parasitol. 2012; 98: 1010–1014.
 
eISSN:1898-2263
ISSN:1232-1966
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top